Türkiye’de uygulamada olan tarımsal destekleme politikaları, Avrupa Birliği’nin (AB) Ortak Tarım Politikası’ndan bağımsız değerlendirilmemektedir. 2000’li yıllardan sonra Türkiye’de yapılan tarımsal reform çalışmalarında AB uyum süreçleri göz önünde bulundurulmuştur. 2007’de dünyada yaşanan ekonomik krizle birlikte tarımsal destekleme genelde de tarımsal politikalarda bir paradigma değişimine sebep olmuştur. Türkiye’nin de dahil olduğu 30 OECD ülkesinin gerçekleştirdiği Dünya Ticaret Örgütü Doha İleri Tarım Müzakereleri’nde dünyada tarım piyasalarının serbestleştirilmesine artan dünya nüfusunu doyurmak için gereken gıdanın nasıl sürdürülebilir şekilde temin edilebileceğine odaklanmak gerektiği vurgulanmış, hedeflenen başlıklardan birisi olarak da adil rekabeti bozucu iç desteklerin azaltılması gerekliliği belirtilmiştir. Ancak gelinen noktada dünyada sürdürülebilir gıda ve tahıl temini problemleri, üreticilere yönelik koruyucu politikaların sorgulanmasına neden olmuştur. Bu çalışmada, belirtilen tartışmalar altında Türkiye’de uygulanan destekleme politika araçlarından birisi olan fark ödeme desteklerinin tarımsal üretim ve göstergeler üzerindeki etkisi 2002-2020 dönemi için ampirik olarak sınamıştır. Türkiye’nin tamamını kapsayan il düzeyinde panel veri setinin kullanıldığı analizler kapsamında Huber, Eicker ve White tahmincisi kullanılmıştır. Bulgular, Türk Lirası cinsinden fark ödeme desteklemelerinde gerçekleşen %1 birimlik artışın, tarımsal üretim üzerinde %0.74, tarımsal ürün değeri üzerinde %0.60, tarımsal ihracat üzerinde ise %2.23 oranında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir etkiye yol açtığını ortaya koymuştur.

This study was carried out to determine the honey, pollen and propolis amounts and honey qualities obtained from the bee pasture established in Bingöl University between the years 2021-2022 and highland and to compare the bee pasture and the highland in terms of these characteristics. 10 beehives were used in the study. Five beehives were left in the bee pasture, and 5 of them were taken to the highland for comparison. The quantities of honey, pollen, and propolis per hive and the moisture, diastase, HMF, commercial glucose, C13 sugar, C4 sugar, and the difference between raw protein in honey and delta C13 sugar of honeys were determined for both locations. These quality parameters obtained were evaluated according to the Turkish Food Codex Honey Communiqué. As a result of the research, it was determined that there was no statistical difference between the amounts of pollen and propolis obtained from the bee pasture and the highland, and the amount of honey obtained from the highland was higher than the bee pasture. In addition, it has been determined that the honey obtained from both bee pasture and highland is at the "appropriate" level in terms of the limit values determined by the Turkish Food Codex Honey Communiqué in terms of quality criteria. In the light of these data, it has been understood that although the honey yield from bee pasture is low, it is sustainable and can be an alternative to migratory or highland beekeeping.

In this study, the reproductive and growth performance of Akkaraman sheep between 2017-2021 were evaluated within the scope of the National Sheep and Goat Breeding Project in the Hand of the Public, which is being carried out in the province of Nigde. In the research, data obtained from 30923 animals in 22 farms in 7 villages in the central district of Nigde province were used. In the study, the effect of year, dam’s age, gender and birth type on birth weight (BW), live weight on day 60 (LW1), live weight on day 120 (LW2), daily live weight gain (DLWG) on day 120 were investigated. The effects of year, dam’s age, gender and birth type on BW, LW1, LW2, DLWG were found to be statistically significant. While the effects of year, dam’s age and gender were found to be statistically effective on SR, the effect of birth type was found to be insignificant. In the study, fertility, fecundity and litter size in Akkaraman lambs were determined as 0.92, 1.03 and 1.13, respectively. As a result, remarkable progress has been achieved in Akkaraman lambs in terms of performance characteristics (LW1, LW2 and DLWG) between 2017 and 2021.

This research was carried out to determine the pollination abilities of Domat, Gemlik and Sarı Ulak olive cultivars. Pollen viability rate, germination rate and amount of pollen production were examined during the periods when 25%, 50% and 75% of the flowers were opened. According to the results obtained from three years’ experimental study, the highest percentages of pollen viability were found in Gemlik (81.51%) and Domat (81.50%), whereas Sarı Ulak cultivar (77.41%) showed the lowest viability. In pollen germination percentages, the highest values on the basis of cultivars were determined 59.85% (Domat), 59.74% (Gemlik) and 52.12% (Sarı Ulak). The highest amount of pollen production in a flower was found in the Sarı Ulak cultivar (329,046) while it was followed by Domat (319,693) and Gemlik (306,385). Despite the high pollen production in Sarı Ulak cultivar, the pollen viability and germination rates were found to be low. In Gemlik and Domat cultivars, all values were obtained relatively near. In addition, it had been noted that the values related to pollen viability, germination and production amount were higher during 50% and 75% flowering periods than 25%.

Due to the increase in food-borne diseases, especially in recent years, consumers' orientation to healthy products and their emphasis on consumption force producers to environmentally friendly products. Nitrogen is an essential nutrient for plant growth, but excessive use of nitrogen fertilizers can pollute the environment and cause nitrate accumulation in plants Therefore, vegetable growers strive to replace chemical fertilizers such as nitrogen with environmentally friendly and cost effective sources. PGPRs stand out in this regard and at the same time, their potential in environmentally and consumer-friendly vegetable production needs to be revealed. In this study, the importance and potential role of N2-fixing PGPR are discussed for the improvement of yield and yield components in environment-friendly vegetable production for healthy human nutrition.

Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) is a global strategy for enhancing food productivity amidst climate change uncertainties in the 21st century. CSA improves farmers’ incomes, reduces greenhouse emissions, and farming systems become resilient to climate change. Despite the vital role that CSA plays in the development of the agricultural industry and the economy, the extent to which CSA is related to sustainable agriculture (SA) is not well documented. Is CSA the same as SA? If they are the same, do CSA practices impose mitigation requirements for developing countries like Uganda? Studies or research on CSA and SA unfortunately have certain shortcomings. Lack of this knowledge makes it difficult to plan investments and develop policies that will increase farmers’ resilience to climate change and variability to improve SA. This study is aimed at assessing how CSA links to SA and whether the two contribute to climate change mitigation requirements. It was found that CSA and SA are also related in a way that the latter leads to lowering greenhouse gas emissions hence mitigating climate change. CSA and SA share a common principal goal of achieving food security. It was concluded that developing countries are the worst affected by the negative impacts of climate change and don’t have the adaptive capacity to respond to climate change effects.

Thymelaea hirsuta (L.) Endl. , known as ‘Methnane’ in Algeria, is a widely medicinal plant used in folk medicine. In the present study, In vitro antioxidant activity of T. hirsta extracts and the impact of extraction solvent polarity on the antioxidant potential were investigated. Three types of polar solvents with decreasing polarity were chosen; water for decocted extract, methanol-water at 50% and absolute methanol for macerated extracts. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were evaluated and showed a high amount wihch decreases with increasing polarity. Antioxydant activity was assessed with different methods: ABTS assay for evaluation of scavenge activity, CUPRAC and reducing power for assessement of the reduction potential of T. hirsuta areal parts. The results showed that T. hirsuta areal parts exhibited a strong scavenging activity with significant difference between extracts in terms of their polarity. In the same line, the most polar aqueous decocted extract exhibited a considerable reducing activity followed by hydromethanolic and methanolic extract with increasing potential. These findings suggest the suitability of polar solvents for the extraction of phytochemical compounds from T. hirsuta areal parts and so, their antioxidant activity against several radicals and ions.

Producing safe and high-quality food is increasingly important, and developing durum wheat varieties with low toxicity is crucial to meeting this demand. Durum wheat breeders can achieve this goal by developing new varieties that are either more resistant to arsenic uptake or better adapted to grow in areas with high arsenic levels. High levels of arsenic can pose serious health hazards, which makes it critical to evaluate the arsenic levels. Therefore, this study evaluated the arsenic levels in diverse durum wheat genotypes, including Turkish-released cultivars and local landraces. The results showed that all genotypes had significantly low and non-toxic levels of arsenic, with an average concentration of 5.24 μg/kg. These concentrations were much lower than the minimum reported in numerous published research studies and well below the risky international standard limits for durum wheat grain (0.1 mg/kg). The study also identified two significant marker-trait associations linked to arsenic contents located on chromosomes 4A and 7B, which explained 11-17% of the phenotypic variation. These findings provide valuable insights into the arsenic levels in durum wheat genotypes and highlight the need for ongoing monitoring to ensure safe and healthy food for consumers. By conducting collaborative genome-wide association studies and employing marker-assisted selection, durum wheat breeders can accelerate the creation of new varieties that have reduced arsenic levels by identifying alleles linked to arsenic content. This study emphasizes the importance of developing low-toxicity durum wheat varieties to ensure the safety and quality of our food supply. The findings can inform breeding programs to develop such varieties and contribute to sustainable agriculture. While the study’s methodology was robust, further research is necessary to confirm and validate the genetic factors contributing to variation in arsenic content among different durum wheat genotypes.

Global climate change continues to leave irreversible effects worldwide. With the increase in the effects of climate change, especially in recent years, the amount of UV-B radiation reaching the earth's surface is also likely to increase. With increasing temperatures, the amount of precipitation in the world has decreased, and the drought has started to alarm. This study is tried to understand how plants can respond to these stresses using ash-leaf maple (Acer negundo L.) and sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) species. The effects of these stress factors on plant leaf morphology were investigated by applying certain intensities of drought (moderate [T2] and severe drought [T3]) and UV-B (8 kJ m-2 h -1 [T4] and 12 kJ m-2 h -1 [T5]) stresses on these two species with T1 (control) treatment. As a result, leaf width in A. pseudoplatanus species was at the lowest levels in individuals exposed to T3 and T9. In A. negundo species, leaflet length in T1, T2, T3, T4 T5, T6 (modarete+T4), T7 (modarete+T5), T8 (severe drought+T4), and T9 (severe drought+T5) treatment were 8.800, 8.704, 8.075, 8.792, 8.823, 8.516, 8.317, 7.993, and 8.605 cm, respectively. According to these values, it was observed that the leaflet length was the shortest in T8 (7.993 cm) treatment. On the other hand, the leaflet length in T9 was close to the T1 group. As a result, individuals exposed to T4 were more affected than T5 in applications applied to UV-B stress and T3. Therefore, the increase of UV-B radiation positively affects the plant's resistance to drought stress.

The utilization of edible insects as food and feed is not a new concept, it is a practice that has been part of the tradition of many communities around the world. They have been primarily used as supplementary food in most African countries. However, there has been a significant decline in the consumption of insects over the years, especially among young people. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the knowledge on entomophagy and the utilization of insects among the youth. The study revealed that the majority of youth had limited knowledge about consumption, nutrition, harvesting, preparation and use of edible insects as livestock feed. From the Chi-square analysis it was observed that age and education level have a significant relationship to the familiarity of consumption of edible insects, P=0.014 and P=0.009 respectively. The results also show that there is a significant association between awareness on the nutritional value of insects with age and education level, P=0.001 and P=0.009 respectively. Logistic regression analysis was used to find the association between demographic characteristics, knowledge and the utilization of edible insects. The results revealed that education level, age and knowledge have an impact on the utilization of edible insects. Lack of knowledge contribute to the unwillingness of youth to consume insects. It is noticeable that indigenous knowledge on entomophagy is slowly disappearing with the shift in eating habits and changes in the socio-economic environments. As such, it is imperative that indigenous knowledge is preserved and educational interventions are done to raise awareness on the benefits of entomophagy in order to improve the utilization of insects among the youth.

Researchers treated seed technology and crop yield as exogenous, thereby generating bias estimates. In practice, seed technology increases yield and it’s stimulated by social capital and other factors. This paper develops a choice model of maize-seed exogenously, then tested and corrected for causality. A multistage sampling procedure was adopted using seven Agricultural Development Programme zones drawn from purposively selected Oyo and Osun states. A block each was randomly selected per zone. Twenty-one cells were randomly selected, then data were collected from 385 respondents using a structured questionnaire: Data were analyzed using Ordinary Least Square and Two-Stage Least Square α 0.05. Durbin score chi2(1) = 6.65 (p= 0.009) and Wu Haussmann F (1,37) = 6.431 (p = 0.012), showed reverse causality that was resolved by the Two Stage Least Square model. The Two-Stage Least Square result indicated that education (β=-0.53), seed quantity (β=-0.13), seed price (β=-0.08), negatively affected the choice of seed and yield while farm size (β=2.05), fertilizer (β=0.004), herbicide (β=0.22), output-price (β=0.02), meeting attendance index(β=0.02), and improved seed ((β=2.66), had a positive influence. Social capital spurs the use of improved seed, thereby increase maize yield. Consequently, active participation in social groups and the use of improved seed is recommended to increase yield.

The effect of different organic and inorganic fertilizers had a significant effect on the yield of spring rice. A field experiment was carried out to determine the effects of different organic and inorganic fertilizers on the yield of spring rice var Hardinath-1 at Siranchowk rural municipality-4, Gorkha during the spring season of 2021 with four replications and five treatments: T1[Recommended inorganic fertilizer Nitrogen, Phosphorous, and Potassium (@100:30:30 kg/ha)], T2[75% recommended inorganic fertilizer + 25% recommended organic fertilizer: i.e. (Farm Yard Manure (6 ton /ha)], T3(50% recommended inorganic fertilizer + 50% recommended organic fertilizer), T4(25% recommended inorganic fertilizer + 75% recommended organic fertilizer ), and T5 (Recommended organic fertilizer) using simple Randomized Complete Block Design with 3*3 m of individual plot size. A biometrical observation like plant height (95.33 cm), and the number of tillers (340.75/ m2 ) were found significantly highest on T2. Similarly, yield attributing characteristics like the number of effective tillers (315.75/m2 ), several filled grains per panicle (150.25), and highest panicle length (25.06 cm) were also significantly highest on T2. The highest grain yield (8.27 ton/ha), straw yield (12.14 ton/ha), and harvest index (0.40) were also observed on T2. Total net return was found highest on T2: 287330 Nepalese Rupees(NPR) incurring the cost of fertilizer Rs NPR 18940 per hectare returning the gross return of NPR 268390 per hectare. In conclusion, T2 was the best combination of other biofertilizer combinations. So, the spring rice productivity can be enhanced via the adoption of 75% recommended inorganic fertilizer + 25% recommended organic fertilizer in fertilizer management practice at Chorkate, Gorkha.

To increase meat production at a level parallel to meet the demand of the increasing world population in recent years, reproductive management in farm animals must be successful. In order to reach the desired level of fertility in sheep, particularly starting with the non-prolific breeds, anoestrus period applications should be carried out effectively. In this study, different doses of equine chorionic gonadotropin were applied to determine the effective eCG dose for underwent estrus synchronization with progesterone in anoestrus Kangal ewes whose milk and wool yield has been completely abandoned by the breeder for various reasons and whose only economic benefit is lamb production. A total of 225 Kangal Akkaraman Sheep breeds, 2 years old, with a body condition score of 2.5-3.5 and an average weight of 40-50 kg, were included in the study. In line with this purpose, ewes were divided into 3 groups, containing 75 primiparous sheep. A vaginal sponge containing progesterone was inserted into the animals in all groups on day 0. Seven days after this application (on the 7th day), vaginal sponges were removed and Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) was applied. When the vaginal sponge was removed and the PGF2α was administered, 400 IU of eCG was given to animals in Group 1 (n:75), 500 IU of eCG was administrated to animals in Group 2 (n:75), and 600 IU of eCG was injected to the ewes in Group 3. The effectiveness of different doses of eCG application on reproductive parameters such as estrous rate, pregnancy rate, multiple pregnancy rate, and the number of offspring was evaluated. While no statistical difference could be determined between the groups in terms of the stated reproductive parameters, numerically more offspring were obtained in the group in which eCG was applied at a low rate (Group 1). In the light of this information, it is concluded that 400 IU eCG can be as effective as 600 IU eCG in sexual stimulation of Kangal ewes in anestrus.

Drought is one of the most prevalent forms of abiotic environmental stress that reduce crop productivity. A pot experiment was performed in two Aman seasons under drought (40% field capacity, FC) and control (100% field capacity, FC) irrigations to study drought tolerance mechanism(s) based on morphological and physiological traits in six aromatic rice genotypes. Twelve treatments (6 genotypes × 2 irrigations) were arranged in Complete Randomized Design and experiment was carried out at Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. In the experiment, drought was imposed at panicle initiation stage where morphological and physiological data were recorded. Important morphological (stem and root dry weight) and physiological (photosynthesis and chlorophyl content) attributes were significantly (P>0.05) decreased at 40% FC in both the years. Compared to control, relative reduction at 40% FC in above parameters, genotypes were classified into tolerant (Binadhan-13 and NERICA mutant) and sensitive (RM-100-16, Ukunimodhu, Kalizira, and BRRI dhan34) categories. Tolerant genotypes had smaller reduction in shoot and root dry mater (av. 7.73 and 5.56 %, respectively) than sensitive ones (av. 19.32 and 21.80%, respectively). Low reduction percentages of the traits under drought stress to that of the control discriminated Binadhan-13 and NERICA mutant genotypes consistently as drought tolerant.

Our phytochemical study focused on the leaves of Citrus deliciosa of Algerian origin, in order to evaluate its antioxidant activity and its acute toxicity, using scavenger activity of DPPH radicals, ABTS and acute toxicity. The ethanol extract of Citrus deliciosa contains 85.62 ± 2.24 μg /mg dried matter and 3.02 ± 0.17 μg/mg dried matter. The antioxidant activity was confirmed against the DPPH radical (IC50 = 252.07  0.02 μg /mL) and ABTS (IC50 = 398.26  0.01 μg /mL). No mortality or abnormal behavior was observed in mice at oral doses less of 1600 mg/kg. According to the results obtained, Citrus deliciosa leaves exhibit significant antioxidant activity and are safe at levels lower than 1600 mg/kg B.W., which supports their application in phytotherapy, pharmaceutical biotechnology, and the food sector for therapeutic or preventive purposes.

This study investigated how profitable and technically effective rice farming was in Quan’ Pan Local Government Area of Plateau State, Nigeria. Using a multistage sample method, 120 respondents were drawn. The study’s findings proved that the farmers were 40 years old on average. The men were higher in numbers constituting 81.0% of the study population. 83% of the people were married and a greater number (81%) of them had at least some form of formal education with a typical household size of 9 persons. Findings from the study also showed that the farmers owned an average of 2.0 hectares of farmland and had acquired an average farming experience of 12 years. For the most of them (78.0%), farming was their primary occupation. The result also demonstrated that 78.0% never accessed credit or bank loans for farming as majority (63%) of the respondents acquired their farmlands through inheritance. The entire cost (total cost) of farming operation/ha incurred by the farmers was 139733 while the average output obtained per hectare was 699kg at a prevailing market/selling price of 285/kg. The total revenue (TR) measured in naira value of 199, 215 was realized. Gross margin (GM) and net farm income (NFI) stood at 70932 and 59482 respectively. The return on investment (ROI) was 0.42 meaning that for every naira spent on rice production, a profit of 0.42 is made. Age, educational level, farm size, farming experience and extension contact all had positive direct relationship with net income from rice production at 1%. The rice growers’ mean technical efficiency score was 0.659. Major constraints to rice production were high fertilizer prices (72%), inadequate capital (53%), lack of improved seeds (47%). The research suggests that government should subsidize farming inputs like recommended fertilizer and herbicides so as to reduce the over bearing cost burden of these inputs on farmers. Financial institutions should make credit facilities available and affordable to the farmers.

The study was conducted in the trial area of the Department of Horticulture at Atatürk University during the 2022 cropping season to evaluate some agro-morphological characteristics of the dwarf type snap bean genotypes collected from Erzurum along with the commercial cultivars SARIKIZ and GINA have been widely cultivated there. The genotypes tested in the study showed statistically significant variations in terms of all parameters examined. Genotypes ERZ PA 28 and ERZ UZ 36 reached the earliest fresh maturity time by 58 days. The genotype with the longest pod was ERZ NR 104 (17.35 cm); the genotypes with the widest pod were ERZ UZ 36 (15.29 mm) and ERZ TO 49 (15.43 mm); and the genotype with the thickest pod was ERZ İS13 (8.75 mm). The ERZ TO 49 genotype had the most pods per plant (32.41), the highest yield per plant (217.73 g), and the highest yield per square meter (1360.79 g/m2 ), while the ERZ UZ 35 genotype produced the heaviest average pod weight (8.63 g). Additionally, in terms of the number of pods per plant, yield per plant, and yield persquare meter, ERZ PA 28 has been determined to produce the results that are closest to ERZ TO 49. According to the study’s findings, ERZ IS 13, ERZ PA 28, ERZ UZ 32, ERZ UZ 35, ERZ UZ 36, ERZ TO 48, ERZ TO 49, ERZ NR 104, ERZ PS 111, ERZ PS 115, and ERZ PS 116 genotypes yields per square meter was founded that higher than commercial cultivars and other genotypes, can offer the producer a sufficient level of yield.

The aim of the study is to be determine the effect of lactose hydrolysis and sugar content on physicochemical properties,sensory profile and HMF (5-hydroxymethylfurfural) content in Dulce de Leche (DL). Lactose free (lactose-hydrolysed) dairy products as well as low sugar products have been developed to supply consumer demand. Two different sucrose concentrations, 16% and 20%, were used in milk jam samples produced by the traditional method. For the formation of desired colour and flavour in the Dulce de Leche, Maillard reaction products are mainly responsible. HMF is Maillard reaction indicator analysed in this work. Fat, protein, solid content, ash, lactic acid and pH analysis were carried out. Sucrose, glucose, fructose and lactose concentrations were determined. Lightness, yellowness and redness as colour parameters of DL samples were evaluated and sensory analyses were also performed. It has been revealed that lactose hydrolysis causes significant changes in the color parameters and sensory profile of the samples. In this study, less or no HMF was detected in the lactose hydrolyzed DL samples compared to the control samples.

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance of sweet blue Lupin intercropped with maize at different planting time under irrigation in Ethiopia. For the experiment, sweet lupin (cultivar Sanabor) and Maize (cultivar PBH 3253) were used. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The treatments were sweet lupin intercropped with maize simultaneously, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 weeks after maize planting. Sole maize was planted as control. Maize was planted in rows with spacing of 75 cm and 30 cm between rows and between plants, respectively. Lupin was planted between two maize rows (one maize row: two lupin row) 22.5 cm apart from maize row. The distance between lupin plants is 7 cm. In addition, maize rows were top-dressed N-fertilizer at the rate of 100 Kg ha-1 by dividing in to two at planting and at vegetative stage. Intercropping time had a significant effect on yield and yield components of sweet lupin, but not on maize. Lupin intercropped simultaneous with maize gave significantly higher dry matter and seed yield 1.05 and 1.71t/ha, respectively as compared to the four intercropping dates. Maize grain yield and maize stover yield were not affected by sweet lupin intercropping dates. This study showed that sweet lupin intercropped simultaneously with maize could be optimum sowing date for better grain and dry matter yield of sweet lupin without affecting maize grain and stover yield under irrigation condition.

Medicinal plants are quite popular in the medicine development process because they contain bioactive chemicals. Traditional medicine has made extensive use of Crataegus orientalis L., which also has significant biological effects. In this study, essential oils (EOs) of C. orientalis var. orientalis collected from Tokat-Türkiye were isolated by hydrodistillation. Chemical constituents were detected by GC-MS and benzaldehyde (%52.75), α-terpineol (%16.86), germacrene D (%7.03) and caryophyllene (%6.77) were determined as major components. Moreover, antioxidant analyses including DPPH•, ABTS+• and FRAP tests were carried out. EOs displayed good the DPPH activity (IC50, 12.21, µg/mL) in comparison to the standard BHT (IC50, 10.23 µg/mL). The same trend was observed for ABTS and FRAP assays.

This study was carried out on 114 Brown Swiss cattle reared in intensive conditions at Ataturk University Food and Livestock Application and Research Center and at the private cattle farm found in Erzurum province. Genotypic structures were examined in terms of Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-II gene locus and the distribution of genotypes and allele frequencies of the cattle concerning the genes were determined. The identified Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-II genotypes were associated with milk yield traits such as actual milk yield, 305-day, and daily milk yield. Insulin like growth factor (IGF)-II genotypes were determined by using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)- Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method from blood samples taken from the cattle. The CC, CT, and TT genotype frequencies of the Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-II gene found in the population were 41 (34%), 65 (54%), and 14 (12%), and the frequency of the C allele and the T allele was found to be 0.61 and to be 0.39. The general averages of actual true milk yield, 305-day and daily milk yield were 4317±272.9 kg, 5277±240.7 kg and 18±0.9 kg, respectively, while CC, CT and TT genotypes 4168±515.8, 3756±321.7 and 5382±600.3 kg, respectively. As a result, correctly identified IGF-II genotypes were detected by using the PCR-RFLP method in the blood samples obtained from Brown Swiss cattle. Genotype and allele frequencies determined for IGF-II gene polymorphism can be considered sufficient to demonstrate the genotype diversity of the race. According to the Hardy-Weinberg genetic equilibrium test, the distribution of genotype frequencies of the cattle was observed in equilibrium.

A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementation of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) hay and urea molasses block on feed intake, digestibility, and body weight change of yearling local sheep fed with grass hay as a basal diet. The rationale for supplementation of alfalfa hay with urea molasses block 1) high-producing animals protein need cannot exclusively met from rumen microbial sources; 2) protein is the most expensive nutrient of ruminant animal feed. Twenty -four yearling intact male local sheep with a mean initial body weight of 23.9±1.9 (Mean ± SD) were used in a completely randomized block design. Treatments were 1% of live weight alfalfa hay (1A), 1.5% of live weight alfalfa hay (1.5A), 2.0% of live weight alfalfa hay (2A), and all three treatments offered with 100g/head/day of Urea-molasses-block (UMB). The control treatment was supplemented with concentrate mix at 2.0% of live weight (C). In addition, all treatments were fed grass hay ad libitum. The study period consisted of 84 days of feeding and 7 days of digestibility tests. Total dry matter intake was 1015.65, 925.41, 956.16, and 1078.13 (SE=± 19.4) for C, 1A, 1.5A, and 2A, respectively and 1A was lower than 2A and similar with 1.5A and C. Apparent crude protein digestibility and Crude protein intake of 2A was statistically similar to C. But, higher than 1A and 1.5A. Average daily gain was 109.33, 54.76, 55.36, and 63.1 (SE=± 6.13) g/day for C, 1A, 1.5A, and 2A, respectively and the values were the highest for C. The study showed that concentrate supplementation at 2% body weight resulted in greater body weight gain, crude prot ein intake and apparent crude protein digestibility. Additionally, the weight gain achieved at all grade levels of alfalfa plus in combination with the same amount of urea molasses block was commendable. But, considering the accessibility and cost of conventional concentrate mixture, 2% of Live Weight Alfalfa hay with 100g/head/day urea molasses block is recommended as an alternative supplement regime for better sheep performance.

The study focused on how farming communities copewith theCOVID-19 pandemic in Akwa Ibom State. Specifically, how farmers are affected by the pandemic, their coping strategies, contributions of extension service towards their adaptation, and the support they need to better adapt to the pandemic were examined. A multistage sampling procedure was used in selecting 300 respondents across the agricultural zones in the study area. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse data obtained from the respondents through a well-designed questionnaire. The majority of the respondents have experienced limited access to agricultural inputs (87.9%), limited access to the market (79.6%), unavailability of the labour force at critical times of agricultural production and harvesting (68.7%), health risk and fear (72.6%), increased transportation cost (87.4%), unavailability of facemasks and hand sanitizers (89.1%), dwindling and uncertain finances (92.4%). Majority of the farmers asserted that they had to rely more on the radio (87.6%), religious leaders (67.2%), community leaders (65.4%), and extension agents (45.3%) for COVID-19-related information. They depended more on herbs and traditional medications (72.4%) and had to trek long distances to market farm produce and get inputs (69.7%) to cope with the impact of the pandemic. Contributions from extension services reported by the respondents were majorly from text messages and phone calls. The majority of the respondents solicited regular assessment of COVID-19 impacts in their communities to identify other specific challenges and needs of farmers for a better and timely response.

This study used reports from various bodies to determine the competitiveness of some selected agricultural products between Kenya and other East African Community countries. Agriculture is an important sector in Kenya and the greater East African Community organization as it earns the country foreign exchange through exports. The sector possess considerable potential, and carrying out a competitive study would greatly inform the country’s efforts and policy making processes. The methods used were Market Share Index, Vollrath’s Relative Trade Advantage Indices, and Balassa’s Revealed Comparative Advantage Index. The various countries were compared using calculated indices and ranked accordingly based on their scores and market share percentages. Consequently, Kenya had a competitive advantage and dominated the international markets in tea and crude materials, whereas most East Africa Community member states had a strong comparative advantage in coffee. Generally, to stimulate the agricultural sector and diversify agricultural exports, the Kenyan government and private sector must increase high-level investments in agribusiness and transition from exporting raw materials to value-added products. Developing standard agricultural trade policies would benefit all East African Community member states, which is consistent with their goals.

This study evaluated the possibility to use pomegranate peel: an agro-industrial bay product as a conservative agent for fruit juice. Extraction of active compounds of. Punica granatum L. peels was made by maceration with ethanol and the evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial activity were conducted using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and disk diffusion method in agar medium, while self-life tests of orange juice monitoring the pH, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, cloud value, browning index and total mesophilic germs were conducted during 18 days. The results highlighted that pomegranate peel extract (PPE) showed a higher phenol and flavonoid content and strong antioxidant activity with an inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 6.22 μg / mL, as well as the antimicrobial activity indicated a higher inhibitory effect. Furthermore, shelf life tests showed a significant effect on browning index, titratable acidity, and lowering of microbial growth during storage compared to the controls, while pH, total soluble solids, and cloud value are not affected. These results allow us to consider pomegranate peel extract as a potential conservator for healthy and sustainable food.

Vegetables grown in mining areas can accumulate significant amounts of heavy metals (HMs), which can cause serious developmental disorders and have long-term negative effects on public health. In the present study, the HMs contamination level in vegetables grown around the Riruwai mining area in Kano State, Nigeria, was investigated. Fifteen (15) vegetable samples were collected, including lettuce (Lacuta sativa L.), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), as well as their corresponding soils. The levels of As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn in all the samples were determined using Microwave Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry, and the measured concentrations were used to calculate the bioaccumulation factor (BAF). The results of the study revealed that HMs concentrations in the investigated vegetables were found to be significantly high, with the majority of levels exceeding the WHO/FAO (2007) recommended limit, and the concentration of HMs in the soil decreased in the order of Zn > Mn > Cr > Pb > As > Ni > Cd > Hg, with As, Pb, and Zn exceeding the WHO/FAO (2001) recommended limit. Pollution levels were found to significantly differ between HMs and vegetable types. BAF results revealed that cadmium is an accumulator of all the studied vegetables (BAFs > 1), while mercury was found to be an accumulator of L. sativa. Higher concentrations of these metals in vegetables and soil, particularly arsenic, cadmium, lead, and zinc, necessitate immediate scientific attention and further research to determine the optimum concentration required for human health. Planting of vegetables for human and animal consumption should be stopped until this is accomplished.

Technological developments have accelerated the use of information and communication technologies in the agricultural sector as in all other sectors. However, there is still a lack of information in the literature on measuring the level of digital technology usage by farmers. This study will help to eliminate the lack of information on the indicators and their weights that can be used to determine the level of digitalisation of farmers. The aim of the study is to determine the indicators to be used in measuring the level of digital technology use, the sub-dimensions of these indicators, and the weights of these indicators. The constant-sum scale and expert opinions were used to determine the indicators and their weights to be used in measuring the level of digitalisation. The level of agreement of the opinions expressed by different experts about different digitalisation level indicators and their weights was revealed with the help of Kendall’s Coefficient of Concordance. The study results showed that the indicators of internet access facilities, internet speed, smartphone ownership, mobile internet usage, and the ability to use office programs are important variables in measuring the level of digitalisation. The study determined eight main indicators to measure the level of digitalisation and 96 indicators under them, and their weights were put forward. By using the digitalisation indicators and their weights, it will be possible to measure the level of digitalisation in agricultural enterprises reliably.

Rice is the most important staple food crop and plays a vital role in ensuring national food security in Nepal. Rice yield is largely determined by nitrogen management strategy and improving the effectiveness of nitrogenous fertilizer for grain production has long been a challenge. A field experiment was conducted in the sandy loam soil of Lumle, Kaski, Nepal in 2019 and 2020 to assess the effect of neem oil-coated urea (NCU) and common urea (CU) with varying levels of nitrogen (N) on rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). The experiment with 7 treatments comprising the combinations of two types of nitrogen source (CU and NCU), three N levels (50, 100, and 150 kg/ha) and one control treatment without N, were allocated in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Increased nitrogen rates up to 100 kg/ha supplied through NCU significantly improved grain yield, yield components, and nitrogen use efficiency of rice. Application of NCU reduced nitrogen fertilizer use by up to 33 % while producing maximum yield and significantly increased agronomic nitrogen use efficiency (ANUE) and nitrogen partial factor productivity (NPFP) compared with CU. This suggests that the use of NCU with an optimum rate can be a viable option for appropriate N management in rice production.

Perishable fresh vegetables that do not meet cosmetic standards and other crop waste rich resources are presently wasted. Mangifera indica leaves, Psidium guajava leaves, Petroselinum crispum leaves and Daucus carota were selected as model vegetables to show that they can be converted into a shelf-stable novel functional powdered product. A novel functional product from a blend of these powdered vegetables (FPPV) was formulated. To evaluate the shelf-life of FPPV. The novel functional product from a blend of powdered vegetables (FPPV) was prepared in the Food Science and Nutrition laboratory, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology and Sciences, India. The samples were subjected to accelerated stability study maintaining temperature and relative humidity 40°C ± 2°C and 75% ± 5% respectively. Organoleptic, physico chemical and microbiological properties of FPPV was analyzed at an interval of 0, 1, 3 and 6 months to check the degradation levels in the formulation. Organoleptic characters showed no significant changes in accelerated stability condition. There were insignificant changes in physico-chemical profiles and product was free from microbial contamination at different intervals of analysis. On extrapolation of the observations the shelf-life of FPPV was found to be 51 months (4 years and 3 months) for climatic zone I & II countries and 34 months (2 years and 10 months) for climatic zone III & IV countries, respectively. The conversion of perishable vegetables and crop wastes into shelf-stable functional food products will reduce food loss and waste in the vegetable industry.

The use of cassava for fuel ethanol production in Nigeria is supported by the Nigerian Biofuel Policy and Incentives (NBPI) of 2007. Because of its food, feed and industrial value, the need to replace cassava with crops/plants that are food and feeds neutral has motivated this research. Starch was extracted from forest anchomanes (FA) (Anchomanes difformis (Bl.) ENGL.) tubers and some of its physicochemical and elemental properties were determined. At present, the plant is uncultivated in Nigeria and other parts of Africa where it is found. Results showed that the starch content in FA tubers varied from 72.12 to 75.83%. Starch granules from all parts of the FA tubers had similar proximate, antinutrients and elemental properties and appeared usable for fuel ethanol production. However, to suggest its potential to sustainably replace cassava, further investigations are needed beyond these initial results.

This study was carried out to evaluate the water management activities of the Corum Irrigation Association in the years 2019, 2020, 2021 and 2022 for the irrigation facilities that took over the responsibility of operation and maintenance. Water use efficiency performance indicators and agricultural efficiency performance indicators were used in the evaluation. As a result of the evaluation, it was determined that the water supply rate was lower than the ideal value and suggestions were made to increase it. In addition, opinions and suggestions on increasing the irrigation rate were also expressed. However, it was been determined that there has been a decrease in the income obtained for the unit area irrigated and the income obtained for the unit irrigation water taken into the scheme in recent years. It was seen that the reason was deficit irrigation due to drought-induced lack of water and suggestions were made on this issue. As a result, considering the location of the study area and the lack of a long history of irrigation management, it was seen that Çorum Water User Association has demonstrated a successful water management performance.

Carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) gasses are released into the atmosphere as a result of livestock activities, and these released gasses have an adverse impact on global climate change. Livestock production has become an important industry and has significantly increased greenhouse gasses emission levels. In this context, livestock production may have a significant role in lowering greenhouse gas emissions with proper strategies. There are some formations that increase greenhouse gas in livestock production systems. Accordingly, these formations are land use, enteric fermentation, fertilizer management, processing, and transport. In these formations, enteric fermentation, depending on the feed intake level of ruminants, and the digestibility of feed by ruminants, methane (CH4) are released in the digestive systems and creates methane (CH4) emissions. Because of their increased biomass and digestive outputs compared to other livestock, ruminants have a major impact on greenhouse gas emissions. This review proposes recent highlights on how to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions with different reduction strategies from the literature.

The waste that has emerged in parallel with the rapid urbanisation that followed the Industrial Revolution, and the management of this waste, is a major problem for cities. In our country, municipal waste is disposed of randomly and stored regularly. The landfill method is used to prevent and reduce the harmfulness of waste production. However, when landfills are located in urban environments, they cause environmental problems, such as a reduction in residential quality or a deterioration of the urban ecology. Pollutants, one of the environmental problems, are seen in the solid waste dump in Burdur town and its surroundings. The solid waste landfill is located in the potential settlement area. For this reason, image and air pollution in the environment should be minimised. The preparation of the landscape design project for the facility using the landscape repair technique shows that environmental problems can be eliminated with minimal changes. In this context, a project proposal has been prepared to avoid the pollution caused by the landfill in the city of Burdur and to improve the environmental quality of potential urban settlements.

Drought stress is one of the main factors limiting green bean production, as it is in many cultivated plants. Recently, it has been reported by some researchers that low-dose gamma-ray applications help eliminate the negative effects of drought at critical stages of plant development. However, studies on this subject are very limited. Our study aims to determine the effects of gamma ray application at different dosages (0, 25, 50, and 100 Gy) under water deficit in Gina and Romano fresh bean varieties. The seedlings were grown in two different irrigation levels, full irrigation [100% (I1)] and restricted irrigation [50% (I2)], at a temperature of 23 ± 2°C and 16:8 h of light:dark period in growth chamber conditions. At the end of the study, seedling growth parameters such as shoot and root length, number of leaves, shoot and root fresh- dry weights, root/shoot ratio, as well as leaf relative water content, photosynthetic pigments content, lipid peroxidation and shoot nutrient contents were determined. Low-dose gamma application gave different results depending on the cultivars under deficit irrigation conditions. Gamma doses had a significant effect only on root length in the Gina cultivar at 50% irrigation, while 50 and 100 Gy doses in the Romano cultivar significantly increased shoot length and its fresh and dry weights. MDA content decreased significantly with 50 and 100 Gy gamma rays under water deficit stress in both cultivars. Low-dose gamma ray application is more effective, especially in the Romano variety and 50 and 100 Gy can be recommended as effective doses under water deficit conditions.

The study was carried out to determine the effects of probiotic supplementation on neonatal calves until the weaning period on the development and health status of calves, 24 (20 females and 4 males) Holstein calves were allocated to two groups; control group (CON, n=12) and probiotic group (PRO, n=12) respectively, considering to their date of birth, and their sex, and their birth weight. In the study, a commercial source of probiotics containing different strains of microorganisms (Enterococcus spp, Lactobacillus spp. Pediococcus spp., and Bacillus spp.) was used, calves were given free calf starter feed and water from the 4th day until weaning. 20 ml of probiotic was added to the milk replacer (MR) given in the morning meal to PRO calves from the 4th day to weaning. In the study, data on feed intake, diarrhea, and health were monitored daily, and body weight data were measured and recorded at birth, 4th, 18th, 46th, and 55th days and at weaning. In the study, MR intake, starter feed intake, daily live weight gains (LWG), and weaning ages were found similar among the groups (P>0.05) on the other hand, the incidence of diarrhea was decreased by 50% and the incidence of pneumonia decreased by 54% in the PRO group (P≤0.05). As a result, it was determined that probiotic intake did not have any effect on performance in newborn calves while it had positive effects on their health status.

This study was carried out to determine the suitability of the temperature-humidity index (THI) values of the provinces of KOP region in terms of dairy cattle. In this direction, monthly averages of temperature and humidity values of Yozgat, Kırıkkale, Kırşehir, Niğde, Aksaray, Karaman, Konya, and Nevşehir provinces in KOP region between the 2000-2021 years were used. THI values were calculated from the average temperature and humidity data of the provinces in the KOP region. In the study, the equation “(0.8 × T) + [(RH/100) × (T-14.4)] + 46.4” was used to calculate the THI. The critical THI level is based on 72. In the study, the interaction effect with province, month, and year on THI, temperature, and humidity values was found to be statistically significant (P<0.05). The average THI values for the provinces in the KOP Region were determined between 50.88-55.25, temperature values 9.96-13.18oC, and humidity values between 54.03-64.78%. Average THI was calculated as the highest in Aksaray (55.25) and Kırıkkale (55.13) provinces and lowest in Yozgat (50.88). It has been determined that the average THI values obtained do not pose a danger to dairy cattle, including for July and August, which are close to critical values. However, in these months when THI values are high, it will be beneficial for dairy cattle to pay attention to many herd management practices such as adequate ventilation, fans, fogging and shades, meeting water needs, care, feeding, and sheltering in order to avoid problems related to milk yield and quality, disease, and reproduction.

Despite the advantages of buffalo breeding and the superiority of the products obtained from buffalo in human health, it is stated that the buffalo population is low with a decreasing trend and is among the endangered species. In Turkey, which is the country with the fastest decrease in the number of buffaloes among the countries where buffalo is raised in the world, Samsun has been in the first place in the water buffalo population from past to present. The aim of this study was to forecast the buffalo population in Turkey and Samsun province between 2023-2030 using Double Exponential Smoothing and Holt-Winters methods. The data of the Turkish buffalo population between the years 1929-2022 and the data of the buffalo population of Samsun between the years 1991-2022 were used. It was determined in the study that the series were not stationary and the series became stationary after the first difference was taken. It was decided that the Holt-Winters model was the most suitable model for the data set for the buffalo population estimation. According to this model, it is predicted that the Turkish buffalo population will increase by 7.29% in 2030 compared to 2022, but the buffalo population in Samsun will remain stable in the next eight years. In this study, it can be stated that the buffalo population in Turkey will face the danger of extinction in the near future. For the sustainability of the buffalo existence in Turkey, the support given by the government by implementing long-term and effective policy tools should be increased and demand should be increased by raising awareness of the consumers about the benefits of buffalo milk and meat.

The aim of this study is to model the effect of climate change on the yield of wheat in Thrace Region. For this purpose, the 2020-2021 period wheat yield data taken from the farmer's field was calibrated by comparing it with the one calculated with the LINTUL model using the climate data of the same year and then yield values were estimated for the 2031-2040, 2041-2050, 2051-2060, 2061-2070 and 2071-2080 periods with the climate data obtained from the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios of HadGEM2-ES and MPI-ESM-MR global climate models. Yield estimations were made in two ways without changing the sowing and harvest dates: In the first, yield calculations were made by considering the average lowest and highest temperature, solar radiation and precipitation change. In the second, while the solar radiation values were kept constant for the period 2004-2021, average minimum and maximum temperature and precipitation changes were taken into account. In the first approach, the estimated yield changes for the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios of the HadGEM2-ES model were calculated between 1.5%-7.5% and -7.5%-7.5%, respectively, while for the MPI-ESM- MR model they were simulated between 9.0%-13.4% and 3.0%-16.4%in the same order. It was concluded that in yield estimations, the effect of solar radiation along with temperature and precipitation must be taken into account. For food security, the agricultural lands of the Thrace Region should not be used beyond their purposes since yield is forecasted to increase generally with climate change unlike other parts of Turkiye.

The main purpose of the study; In recent years, with the shrinkage of dry bean production areas in Turkey and Konya Province, the decision criteria of farmers in the production of legumes, which have an important place in human nutrition, are determined and prioritized and suggestions are developed. Although Konya, which has been in the first place in terms of dry bean production area and amount in Turkey for many years, has lost its place in the first place, it has 16.14% of Turkey's dry bean production area and 18.7% of the production amount. In terms of production amount, Çumra district was chosen as the research area in terms of constituting 31.61% of Konya province. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was used to determine the factors affecting the dry bean production decisions of the enterprises. Businesses determine their production decisions by taking advantage of their past experiences. The main criteria affecting the dry bean production decisions; yield, price, workforce, water requirement, ease of marketing, mechanization, input costs, aquaculture information, soil structure, supports. The most important factor affecting the dry bean production decision of the enterprises was the "yield" criterion (20.01%). This is followed by price (13.5%), input costs (11.9%), water requirement (11.8%), ease of marketing (11.2%), mechanization (8.3%), labor force (6%, 8), aquaculture (6.3%), soil structure (5.6%), supports (4.7%). It is necessary to raise awareness of the state to farmers to use yield-enhancing inputs in this direction in a timely manner and in appropriate doses. Again, it is suggested as the improvement of supports so that farmers can use new techniques and inputs.

Peach is a fruit that contains 78%-85% water and has a very high production. Due to the high moisture, it contains, it must be stored to be kept for a long time in a consumable condition without spoiling. In this study, 8 sliced peach fruits were dried in an oven (50, 60, 70°C) and in an air conditioning cabinet (50, 60, 70°C at constant 30% relative moisture). In the study, the shortest drying time was found with 12 hours at a drying temperature of 70°C in the oven, while the longest drying time was determined by 41.5 hours in the experiment carried out in the air conditioning cabinet at 50°C and 30% RH. Considering all color values, the method that best preserves the color values of peach fruit was determined in the experiment performed at 60°C in an oven. While creating the curves, Lewis, Yağcıoğlu and Page drying models, which are the most used in the literature, were selected and the drying data were best estimated by the Yağcıoğlu model (R2: 0.9999). Yağcıoğlu model best modeled the drying data at 60°C in the oven drying method. After the drying process, the thermophysical property values (thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, specific mass and specific heat) of the samples were determined in the samples dried in an oven at 60°C.

Probiotic microorganisms are heavily influenced by product matrix and food processing processes, along with factors such as temperature, pH, oxygen, water activity. Alternative technologies to heat treatment have become increasingly important in recent years to design innovative food products with increased probiotic viability, prebiotic stability and higher concentration of bioactive compounds. The application of these developing alternative technologies to probiotic products increases the viability of probiotic bacteria and improves biological effects such as binding of cholesterol with probiotic fermentation, adhesion to Caco-2 cells, increasing angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, antioxidant, antimicrobial activity and lowering systolic blood pressure. In addition, these technologies optimize fermentation kinetics, and bacterial activity results in the production, fermentation and preservation of bioactive compounds such as bacteriocin, oligosaccharide, peptide, phenolic compound, flavonoids (vitamin and mineral bioavailability), and improving sensory properties. These technologies can also be applied to post-biotics, which have grown in recent years in order to achieve increased health effects. These studies demonstrate that alternative processing technologies increase the therapeutic effect of probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics in foods. This compilation examines the effect of thermal processing alternative technologies on probiotic fermentation.

In this study, the usability of chia, a pseudo-grain, in gluten-free cupcake production and its effects on some properties of cakes were investigated. For this purpose, the cupcakes were produced by replacing chia flour with a mixture of rice flour and corn flour at six different ratios (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10%). The use of chia flour in the formulation caused an increase in all other chemical properties of gluten-free cupcake samples except carbohydrates and energy. Depending on the increase in the addition rate of chia flour, increases were observed in the specific volume and baking loss of the cakes, while decreases were observed in the cake yield values. The use of chia flour also significantly affected the total dietary fiber, antioxidant activity and total phenolic substance values of the cakes. In the sensory evaluation of the cakes, the control sample received the highest score in terms of general taste, while the cakes with chia flour added lower scores than the control. The results obtained from the study showed that chia seeds can be used in the development of gluten-free cupcake formulations, especially in terms of nutritional and functional aspects, and thus, it will add diversity to the product range that celiac patients can consume.

In this study, the bioclimatic comfort status for tourism was determined through PET using RayMan model in the case of rural settlements of Kırklareli/Kofçaz located in the northwest part of Turkey. For calculating the thermal comfort index of PET in RayMan, monthly average temperature, relative humidity, and wind measurement long- term values between 1980-2018 with respect to 13 climate stations located within the borders of Turkey and Bulgaria were used and interpolated with the IDW method in ArcGIS program. Afterwards, seasonal, and monthly climatic maps were established regarding annual average temperature, relative humidity and wind speed. The maps obtained were classified according to the comfort zones that determine the bioclimatic comfort and the bioclimatic comfort map of the study area was created. As a result of the assessments performed, it has been determined that the bioclimatic comfort situation varies temporally and spatially. The results obtained from the study will be effective in determining the period and place preferences in tourism planning, determining rural development-oriented strategies, and ensuring the quality of life and comfort of the relevant stakeholders. It will serve as a reference for the climate-sensitive approach targeted in upper-scale plans and policies within the scope of combating climate change.

Growing environmental and human health awareness due to increased concerns caused by intensive agriculture, has resulted a trend toward organic farming. Organic farming first started in the mid- 1980s worldwide, introduced in Türkiye during 1989–1999 with raisin, fig and apricot, and then hazelnut was included in these products. In our country, total of 21.418,57 tons of organic hazelnut production occurs on 12.129,24 ha in 18 provinces. Considering the entire hazelnut production area, organic production is quite low. Organic hazelnut production requires daily monitoring of mechanical control and cultivation measures in the orchard. In addition to this intensive labor, the extraordinary increase in agricultural inputs in the recent period may explain such a low production amount. However, given the recent environmental disasters in the world, human and environmental friendly production systems such as organic agriculture should be encouraged in order to restore the natural balance that has been significantly damaged.

Sweet cherry, which affects consumers’ preferences with its aroma, taste and sensory properties, is a significant fruit species for human health with its bioactive compounds such as organic acids, vitamins and anthocyanins. However, its post-harvest shelf life is very short due to its sensitive fruit structure. Thus, the significant economic losses occur. In the study, effects of pre-harvest Aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG), Salicylic acid (SA) and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) applications on fruit quality characteristics and biochemical content in sweet cherry were determined. SA and PGPR treatments increased fruit size, but AVG decreased (If the fruit weight is 4.51 in the control application, 4.49 in the SA application and 4.10 in the PGPR, how can it be said that SA and PGPR increase the fruit weight). The fruits treated with SA, AVG and PGPR had higher fruit firmness values than the control’-fruits. Salisylic acid treatmens did not affect the rate of soluble solids content(SSC) in fruit, SSC rate was higher in PGPR treated-fruit, but AVG decreased the SSC. Titratable acidity (TA) was lower in PGPR treated-fruit, but was higher in the AVG and SA treated-fruit. Fruits treated with the SA and AVG had higher fruit color values than control fruits, while the lowest color values was obtained with PGPR treatment. In general; PGPR, SA and AVG were effective in the concentration of organic acids, but their effects varied depending on the organic acid compounds. As a result, AVG and SA delayed fruit ripening and fruit softening while PGPR, AVG and SA improved fruit quality (It is not clear how this idea was reached). These applications can be considered as a promising method for improving fruit quality at harvest and maintaining post-harvest fruit quality of sweet cherry.

This study, which was carried out in 2014-2015 to determine the agronomic characteristics of some chickpea lines and varieties under Şanlıurfa ecological conditions, was conducted in the experimental trial areas of GAP Agricultural Research Institute. 20 registered chickpea genotypes and 3 control varieties were used in the study, which was established according to the randomized block design with three replications. In the study, phenological traits such as the number of days until flowering after 50% emergence, the number of days until pod tying, the number of days after emergence and vegetation duration and agronomic traits such as plant height, first pod height, days to maturity, one hundred grain weight and yield per decare were examined in chickpea plants. During the study, Ascochyta blight disease controls of chickpea varieties were also carried out depending on the climatic conditions. In the study, the highest grain yield was obtained from Işık (181.65 kg/da) variety and the lowest grain yield was obtained from Uzunlu variety (108.34 kg/da) at Şanlıurfa location. In terms of both growing seasons, the highest average protein analysis values were obtained from Yaşa variety with 25.77% and the lowest from İnci variety wıth22.02%.

Honey, bee venom, royal jelly, pollen, propolis and other bee products are natural products that are used to protect and maintain human health, to create a strong and dynamic health condition, and used as a ethnopharmacological medicine in the therapy of some illness. The use of different bee products to strengthen the immune system is still very common today. In this study, it was aimed to determine the in vitro effects of royal jelly samples collected from Sivas province in HUVEC cell culture conditions by determining the healing endothelial damage. In this context, royal jelly samples were obtained from the province of Sivas, where beekeeping is carried out intensively and successfully, in the 2022 harvest period. The effect of royal jelly extracts on the cell proliferation of endothelial cell culture was investigated. Repair of endothelial cell damage, cell growth and development and migration values were measured using the HUVEC cell line, and the data were evaluated with SPSS, GraphPad, ImageJ programs. Although there were significantly important increases in cell growth, development and cell viability values in HUVEC cells treated with different doses of royal jelly at the end of 24 and 48 hours, no statistically significant difference was found in terms of cell migration ratio compared to the control group.

The main purpose of the study is to examine the impact of drastic and proactive forest fire interventions, which are applied to avoid the risk of loss of life and property close to urban areas, on the continuity of plant species with fire-adapted characters and the potential to cause species loss. In this context, the basic assumption of the study is that the reduced frequency of fires caused by suppressed fires in natural areas in order to avoid the risk of forest fires that may affect residential areas, will lead to the reduction of various plant species that sustain their lives thanks to their fireadaptive characters. As a qualitative data analysis method, the rates of urban and forest areas, the number of forest fires, the amount of burned area and plant species diversity data were used to deal with the study data with document analysis. In the selection of the 10 metropolitan cities that constitute the sample area of the study, the criteria of being in the Mediterranean ecosystem, containing plant species adapted to fire, and being metropolitan (where natural and built environment elements are intertwined) were taken as basis. The study will create an ecological perspective in fire prevention policies and strategies to be developed through the determination of plant species characteristics in large cities located in the fire-prone Mediterranean ecosystem.

Defining new genetic markers to understand the population structure and genetic basis of cattle breeds, increase production and improve yield quality is of great importance in the field of modern breeding technology. In this study, it was aimed to identify new molecular marker polymorphisms by using DNA sequence analysis method on the Insulin-Like Growth Factor-Binding Protein, Acıd- Labile Subunit (IGFALS) gene, which affects different yield characteristics in cattle. 20 samples from PCR products with various base sizes were randomly chosen for sequence analysis. The study revealed that the IGFALS gene’s first exon region, which is 492 bp long, contains the g.1368491 A/G polymorphism. A 463 bp length region of the second exon was where the g.1369854 -/G insertion was found

Agricultural management is one of the main factors to ameliorate environment adverse effects. Climate change has adverse effects on water availability in drought and semi-drought regions that constrain crop survival. In order to investigate the effect of irrigation intervals on morphological characteristics and yield components of savory plant (Satureja spicigera L.), an experiment was carried out based on randomized complete block design in three levels irrigation interval treatments (7 days (I7), 14 days (I14) and 21 days (I21)) with three replications in Khorasan Razavi Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center during of 2019. Results showed that with increase in irrigation intervals, all morphological characteristics and yield components were decreased. However there was no significant differences in seed and essence yield, plant canopy area, number of main stems, number of branches and stem diameter due to I7 and I14 treatments. In drought stress (I21), seed width was more affected than seed length. The lowest percentage of survival was observed in I21 treatment which was reduced by 26% and 35% respectively, compared to treatments I14 and I7. By increasing the irrigation interval to 21 days, the highest reduction in savory characteristics occurred, so that the highest and lowest biomass and seed yield were recorded from I7 and I21 treatments, respectively. There was a significant positive correlation between biomass and plant height (r = 0.998*), total plant leaf area (r = 0.770*), number of main stems (r = 0.796*) and number of branches (r = 0.998*). It seems that savory production can be improved in acceptable amount with 14-day irrigation interval.

The purpose of this study was to prepare eight sub-fractions from leaves and flowers of Erica arborea L., characterize their phytochemicals constituents and investigate their potential antioxidant, in order to validate the beneficial medicinal properties of this shrub in Algeria folk medicine. Total polyphenols, flavonoids and condensed tannins contents were determined using Folin-Ciocalteu’s, aluminum chloride and vanillin reagents, respectively. The in vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated by using 2,2-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl and reducing power assay. E. arborea L. contains various compounds such as polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins, quinones, anthraquinones, saponins and terpenoids in different sub-fractions. All the tested extracts showed an appreciable total phenolic, flavonoids and condensed tannins contents as well as strong antioxidant capacity. The highest total phenolic and flavonoids content was found in the ethyl acetate extracts ranging from 649.38 to 944.55 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry extract and 65.31 to 67.15 mg quercetin equivalent/g dry extract, respectively. Whereas, the highest condensed tannins content was found in the crude extract for leaves and aqueous extracts for flowers. The ethyl acetate extract of the flowers and the crude extract of leaves exhibited the better antioxidant activity by DPPH assay (IC50 =17.72 μg/mL) and reducing power assays (IC50 = 2.91 μg/mL), respectively. Our findings indicate that leaves and flowers extracts are rich in natural antioxidant substances and have good qualities in antioxidant properties and may be beneficial against diver’s disorders related to free radicals.

Dietary diversity became a global concern in improving health conditions through the habit of food group consumption by adding health dimension to the issue of food calorie consumption. Access to nutritionally adequate and good quality diet is essential to human health, productivity and work output. However, despite the various concerns by governments all over the world on ensuring that every household can at least provide three square meals per day, food insecurity continues to be a major development problem across the globe. This study assessed the effect of COVID-19 pandemic lockdown on households’ dietary diversity in Jos Metropolis, Plateau State, Nigeria. A multistage sampling technique was used to select 265 households. Data was collected using wellstructured questionnaire. The analytical techniques were; Descriptive statistics, Dietary Diversity index and Z-Statistics Test. Gender, age, household size, education, marital status, cooperative membership and access to credit were the socioeconomic characteristics described. Result indicate that 86% of the households had low food dietary diversity while 14% of the households had high food dietary diversity before and after the pandemic lockdown. Similarly, 18% of the households had low calorie consumption while 82% of the households had high dietary diversity before and after the pandemic lockdown. Cereals, legumes/grains, oils/fat, roots and tubers, sugar and honey and meats were the most common food consumed by the households daily before and after the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. Result further indicate that the pandemic lockdown had effect on the dietary diversity and food consumption patterns of the urban households. It can be concluded that the understanding of the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown on dietary diversity and food consumption patterns of households is important in developing policy measures such as social safety nets, home feeding programmes, the school feeding programme, conditional cash transfers schemes and improved marketing channels that will help mitigate against households falling into food insecurity during similar pandemic in the future.

The depletion of minerals in agricultural soils has been a major food security challenge in many parts of the world. To curtail this problem, farmers use inorganic fertilizer to boost soil fertility even though it poses a lot of environmental challenges. In this research, an alternative route to soil nutrient amendment was explored via the use of compost and nano-gel water accumulator. The rock side soils and cultivated soils were mixed respectively with compost and nano-gel water accumulator in ratios of 1:0, 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1 using a suitable potting media for the greenhouse production of A. spinosus L. Physicochemical values, mineral, and heavy metals concentration were evaluated in the soil and compost samples while mineral, proximate, anti-nutrients and vitamins compositions were analyzed in A. spinosus L. grown on the soils. Data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) at a 95% confidence limit using SPSS 20.0 software. The properties of self-prepared compost (PC) and commercial compost (CC) were evaluated and compared. Both composts have appreciable nutrients for soil amendation. The experimental results obtained from the use of CC showed that nano-gel water accumulator and compost on one hand significantly improved the soil fertility and produced higher nutritional values on A. spinosus L. when compared with when compost is used alone or when they are not used at all.

Citrus tristeza virus (CTV), one of the casual agents of citrus decline, is responsible for the death of millions of citrus trees and reduced production and productivity of citrus orchards worldwide. CTV epidemics has been recorded from several parts of the world where mainly steam pitting (SP) and quick decline (QD) strains of CTV have induced severe disease reactions. Identification and characterization of CTV isolates primarily has been focused on the biological assaying in indicator plants, serology-based ELISA and molecular PCR tests. Controlling the presence and spread of CTV where it is absent or establishment is limited heavily relies upon preventive measures, quarantine and legislations. Cross protection is an appealing technique especially for controlling CTV – Stem Pitting strains and use of CTV resistant rootstocks largely prevent infection by CTV – Quick Decline strains. More reliable and effective way to control CTV is breeding for resistant or tolerant cultivars. Advances in molecular biology have lead scientists to find out genes and map genetic loci of CTV resistant citrus and related species that could be exploited in breeding. However incorporation of resistant ability offered by a handful of citrus and its related species into the susceptible cultivars containing other desirable agronomical traits is challenging through classical plant breeding approaches. The following review work is based on Citrus tristza virus and its management practices.

The SCD gene is a significant component of the leptin signaling pathway. The SCD gene has also been suggested as a candidate essential gene that can change the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids in milk and increase the amount of conjugated linoleic fatty acid, which is thought to have anti-cancer properties. The current research was carried out on Holstein cows to determine the association between SCD (Stearoyl-Coenzyme A Desaturase) gene polymorphism and total milk yield at 305 days (TMY305) and daily milk yield (DMY). The polymorphism in the SCD gene was identified using the PCR-RFLP technique and the SatI restriction enzyme for genotyping at SNP c.878T>C in the exon 5. The TT, TC, and CC genotype frequencies were 0.21, 0.50, and 0.29 respectively. While the allele frequencies of T and C were 0.46 and 0.54, respectively. According to the Chi-square test results, the SCD/c.878T>C distribution was in Hardy-Weinberg disequilibrium (P<0.05). Statistical analysis indicated a significant association between the SCD gene polymorphism and TMY305 (P<0.05). The TC genotypes showed a higher mean TMY305 compared to the TT and CC genotypes.

Dermatophytosis is a mycotic disease of the skin that is resistant to treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the treatment efficacy of a novel antimicrobial agent, Hypochlorous Acid (HOCL), on dermatophytosis of cats and dogs, in comparison with Ketaconazole. In this study, a total of 76 animals (26 cats and 50 dogs) without any disease other than skin fungal infection after clinical, hematological, biochemical, microscopic and Wood’s lamp examinations were used. Subjects were randomly assigned to two equal treatment groups within their own species as HOCL: HP and Ketaconazole: KT. Naked eye inspection results were collected on the 8th, 11th and 15th days of all patients. The study was terminated on the 15th day by collecting the Wood’s lamp and microscopic examination data together with the last inspection finding. Findings were analyzed statistically with chi-square and CART (Classification and Regression Tree) algorithm test. Inspection results of the treatment groups exhibited significant recovery over time (day 8, 11 and 15) for both species (P<0.05). However, the 15th day Wood’s lamp and microscopic examination did not confirm the inspection findings. It was seen that the gender did not affect the results (P>0.05). According to the microscopic examination results, a significant statistical difference was observed between the HP and KT groups (P<0.05), but the same situation were not seen on the inspection and Wood’s lamp examinations (P>0.05). As a result, it was concluded that HOCl has an effect on dermatophytosis of cat and dogs, although not as much as Ketaconazole, but further studies are needed to reveal the results more clearly.

In this study, limit application rates and different spray nozzle positions effects on coverage rate, drop diameter and amount of tracer residue values were determined of application defoliating agent before machine harvest on cotton plant. Researches were carried on two phases as indoor area trials and laboratory analysis. In these researches, artificial cotton plants were used. Indoor area trials were conducted two different application rates (20 and 40 L da-1) and three different in spray nozzle positions (NP1, NP2 and NP3) by using conventional hollow cone spray nozzle. 27 pieces of sampling area were determined that they were included the two sides of the plant and plant center position of the upper-middle-lower in initiative area on plants. Six initiative areas were determined in order to record efficiency in initiative area on plants. For the purpose of deposition of trace amounts of substances were determined in sampling area; water-sensitive paper is placed on top that included both over the leaves and beneath the leaves in order to detect each filter paper, and drop diameter, rate of coverage. The amount of deposit on areas that were done analysis in laboratory conditions was determined to with spectrophotometer. Drop diameters and coverage rate detection were done analysis on image analysis. According to the results, it is determined that NP3 which is used generally in 40 L da-1 norm provide the best deposition and coverage rate on applications of defoliant, in addition to pesticide reach on leaf beneath in merely this spray nozzle position.

The quantitative and qualitative analysis of honey components is the object of this study. These analyses are considered a physicochemical and melissopalynological tool that allows the study of some characteristics of honey. The analysis of ten (10) samples of Algerian honey is carried out to determine the pH, water content, electrical conductivity, ash content, acidity, hydroxymethylfurfural content, proteins, and sugar content. According to the obtained results, the physico-chemical parameters of the studied honeys comply with the European and international standards. The pollen spectrum indicated the presence of 23 plant families, mainly Fabaceae, encompassing a total of 65 honey species visited by foragers. Of the 10 honeys sampled and analyzed, six were monofloral, with the remainder showing no apparent dominance of any honey type. The most frequent plant species were eucalyptus (Eucalyptus sp.), Italian sainfoin (Hedysarum coronarium), and chickweed (Lathyrus sp.). Furthermore, the results obtained indicate that all honey (monofloral and polyfloral) showed a high degree of variability in the number of pollen grains.

Environmental awareness is increasing around the world, however, the production of eco-friendly food products has started to gain importance in order to protect nature and reduce dependence on it. In addition, due to the awareness of people, it increases the demand for healthy foods. As a result, organic farming is developing and the number of organic product farms is increasing. Organic aquaculture products have also started to take their place in this big market. Although many of the rules and standards applied in organic agriculture are similar, the rules of organic aquaculture products contain differences on the basis of species. Significant progress has been made with the organic aquaculture production standards determined by international organizations and each country. Organic aquaculture defines organic aquatic organisms that are fed with organic feeds approved by authorized organizations and grown in accordance with all organic farming standards. The main principles of organic culture; health, ecology, fairness and care. Therefore, these basic principles are adhered to when determining organic aquaculture standards. In this review, general and current information were given about the organic aquaculture and organic feeds.

In this study, the effects of pulps obtained after cold press oil production was tested as edible fish coating material. It was determined by peroxide value (PV) and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) values that waste pulp prevented undesirable quality changes due to lipid oxidation. While coating process with black cumin, pumpkin seed and poppy pulp stopped yeast and mold (YM) count development, the lowest total viable count (TVC) values were observed in poppy and black seed groups. Sensory results showed that the use of plant pulps extended the shelf life of rainbow trout fillets, with poppy and black cumin pulps being the most effective groups in terms of odor, taste, texture and general acceptability.

The Euphrates-Tigris Basin is the most important water source in the Middle East. The present study examined the relationship between the precipitation and temperature characteristics of the basin using remote teleconnection patterns on a monthly time scale. The effects of the North Atlantic, Arctic Oscillations, North Sea Caspian Pattern, and Western Mediterranean indices were examined. The relationship between teleconnection patterns and precipitation/temperature was investigated by adopting Spearman’s Correlation test. All of the remote teleconnection patterns had significant effects on the temperature and precipitation characteristics of the basin. However, the North Sea Caspian Pattern significantly affected the temperatures of the entire basin. Similarly, the Western Mediterranean index had a significant effect on the average temperatures for four months (February, April, November, and December) in almost the entire basin. Also, the Western Mediterranean Index corralates positively with the precipitation of the basin in January, while the correlation is negative in October, and November. Especially, the Western Mediterranean Index and the North Sea Caspian Pattern showed one-month and two-month delayed relationships in monthly total precipitation in some months. At the extremes of the index values, relationships often became strong and distinct. The study results may be useful for seasonal temperature and precipitation forecasts of the Euphrates-Tigris basin.

Probiotics are widely used in different forms of food or food supplements due to their health benefits. Probiotics consumption has seen an increase over the years. The main species used in probiotic products are Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, along with other species such as Bacillus. Generally, probiotic microorganisms are accepted as safe even though they are resistant to several antibiotics. Some probiotic strains with intrinsic antibiotic resistance may be beneficial in regenerating gut microbiota during antibiotic therapy. However, the antibiotic resistance genes identified in probiotic microorganisms may carry the risk of the transfer of resistance genes to pathogens, raising concerns. For instance, tetracycline resistance genes have often been detected in probiotic organisms Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus. The antibiotic resistance genes carried on mobile genetic elements create reservoirs for pathogen resistance. This transfer of resistant genes to opportunistic pathogens and their spread may pose great danger. Hence, the purpose of this review was to assess the presence of antibiotic resistance in probiotic microorganisms and the potential transfer of the resistant genes to pathogens or commensal bacteria in the intestine.

Fish consumption choices are impacted by the socioeconomic aspects of customers. A field survey was done in 2022 with the purpose of (i) measuring the frequency of fish consumption, (ii) studying the socioeconomic characteristics of customers and their preferences; and (iii) researching the variables impacting the consumption of fish by consumers in the Siraha district. A sample size of 102 individuals was selected randomly from the Siraha district, including the Lahan Municipality, Dhangadhimai Municipality, and Golbazar Municipality, to ensure representation across diverse socio-economic backgrounds. Data was collected using a questionnaire administered to the participants. Respondents (58.8%) overwhelmingly prefer to eat fish more than twice a week, throughout the year or particularly in winter. Rohu (Labeo rohita) and carp (Cyprinus carpio) are the most often eaten fish species. The frequency of fish-consumption shows a strong connection with income level and education level. The stepwise multiple regression model explained 58.1% of the overall variation in fish consumption. The market structure is not sanitary, the price of fresh fish is expensive, and the consumption frequency of customers is impacted, particularly for poor socioeconomic groups. boosted by a variety of various legislation, marketing, and advertising methods. In addition, consumers should be dispersed throughout the year rather than exclusively in particular seasons.

This study was carried out to examine the prevalence of AFM1 contamination across different areas of Chattogram, Bangladesh, and to assess the level of AFM1 in raw milk samples from various dairy farms. A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the farming standards of three different Chattogram neighborhoods—Bakalia, Khulshi, and Pahartali—and to ascertain the amount of AFM1 in milk. In the study location, 30 commercial dairy farms were randomly chosen, and data on farming methods, milk production techniques, and knowledge of aflatoxin contamination were gathered. Using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method, collected milk samples (n = 90) were examined for the presence of AFM1. The farms produced 71.67±14.71 liters of milk on average every day, which was primarily supplied to dairy processing plants. For feeding the cows, all farms used concentrates and forage. The mean concentration of AFM1 in milk samples collected from Bakalia was higher (190.00±120.87 ng/L) than that in milk samples collected from the Khulshi (108.44±66.19 ng/L) and Pahartali (189.25±160.78 ng/L). The overall prevalence of AFM1 was 43% (N=39) of the total examined samples. A total of 69% (N=27) and 5% (N=2) of AFM1 positive samples exceeded the European Union Regulation (50 ng/L) and BSTI/BFSA regulations (500 ng/L) respectively. There was a significant difference in the occurrence of AFM1 in Bakalia regarding Khulshi and Pahartali. This research will aid in measuring the AFM1 content in raw milk and helping to address public health issues.

Assessments of Soil physical properties and estimation of their associated variability are essential for making site-specific decisions on soil and crop management This study examined the spatial variability of soil hydro-physical properties and variance structure at Sector F1 of the Jibia Irrigation project Katsina State, Nigeria. Grid sampling technique was used to obtain one hundred and fortyfour (144) soil samples from 206 ha of land using Google earth. The grids were drawn using Google earth software at intervals of 150 m x 150 m. Surface soil samples (0 - 20 cm) were collected at grid intersection points. The collected soil samples were air-dried and passed through a 2mm sieve, and analyzed using standard laboratory procedures for physical parameters. The ArcGIS software package 10.3 was used to model the variance structure of Sand, Silt, Clay, Bulk density, Particle density, Percent total porosity and Organic Matter (OM). Results obtained revealed that the coefficient of variation (CV) ranged from 5.724% in particle density to 109% in clay. The Semivariogram showed that the range of spatial dependence varied from 0.342m for (Dry mean weight diameter) to 9.3m (Organic matter) for all measured soil properties. High Spatial dependency ratios were observed for Bulk density, Sand, Silt and clay contents. Particle density exhibited moderate spatial dependency (Nugget to sill ratio 0.25 – 0.75%). Wet Mean weight diameter and organic matter content have a weak spatial dependency. The results indicated that sandy textured soils dominated the greater part of the study area with low to moderate organic matter content. The soils being sandy-dominated has a high infiltration rate and low ability to retain moisture and nutrients were observed as the major characteristics of the soil of the study area.

The world population increasingly consumes about 300 million tonnes of meat up to 2018. As this trend continues due to the increasing world population, plastic becomes necessary to preserve meat, and to meet the corresponding demands. Plastics were benefits that have turned into an environmental burden in the meat industry. The reason for this, plastics protect meat and other products from spoilage. However, they contain many contaminants in the form of microplastics (MPs) additives and trapped carbons. These contaminants significantly contribute to the health risks caused by meat and other global environmental concerns. A further concern is that consumers may likely not be aware of the safety risks of these MPs and their additives

The research was conducted in the years of 2020-2021 during the growing seasons such as 2021A started from September 2020 till the end of January 2021 and 2021 B started from February till end of June 2021, in Busogo sector, Musanze District, Northern Province. The purpose of this project was to assess the impact of fertilization and drying methods such as sun drying, dry shelter and kitchen drying on aflatoxin contamination in maize before and after harvesting. The area from which this project was conducted was chosen due to the availability of a lot of number of maize growers who cultivate them not only for consumption but also for trade purpose either processed or non-processed. During this study, a total of twenty-four samples were collected, examined and evaluated for aflatoxin levels in both seasons. In the season 2021A and 2021B sample collection equivalent to twelve in each season was done then dried them within 30 days by using different drying methods such as dry shelter, kitchen drying, sun drying. Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four treatment of fertilizer combination in four replications was used in this study and all experimental plots were planted with one maize variety (H628) purchased from Rwanda Agriculture and Animal Resources Development Board. Except samples from maize cultivated without fertilizer, level of aflatoxin infection was found to be higher 10 Parts per billion. The East African countries community standard limit of 10 parts per billion which indicate a health risk to the consumer, when comparing the three drying methods employed in this study, the kitchen drying method produced lower levels of aflatoxin (1.6 parts per billion) than the dry shelter (3.2 parts per billion) and sun drying methods (2.9 parts per billion), samples taken from the control plot (T4) stands for no fertilizer application resulted greater levels of aflatoxin with an average of 25.75 prts per billion compared to other treatments which yielded aflatoxin levels of at lower than 10 parts per billion. The use of kitchen drying can be recommended as well as mixture of both organic and inorganic fertilizers when growing maize in order to reduce the level of aflatoxin.

The study analyzed the effect multidimensional poverty of farm families in Madagali and Michika local government areas of Adamawa State, Nigeria after the Boko Haram Insurgncy of 2014. Specifically, the study described the socio-economic characteristics of the farm families and examined the multidimensional poverty status of the farm families in the study area. Multistage and simple random sampling techniques were employed in drawing 100 respondents from various communities. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Foster-Greer-Thorbecke (FGT) poverty indices. Results showed that majority (57.58%) of the farm families were females, 47.89% were aged between 20 to 29 years, 79.8% were married, 55.56% had SSCE/GCE/Teachers Grade ii, 69.47% had farming as primary occupation, 33.33% had trading as secondary occupation, 61.46% had between N1100 – 10000 as income from primary source, 56.47% had between N1100 – N10000 as income from secondary source, 95% of the respondents owned land, 91.92% owned house. Majority (48.96%) of the respondents roofed their houses with thatch while 61.22% had mud as the wall material of their house. Majority (89.55%) of the respondents used firewood as cooking fuel, 49.47% leaved in a single room apartment, 63.53% had borehole as main source of drinking water, 46.24% used uncovered pit latrine and 71% of the household leaved without electricity. Monthly income of respondents, farm size and age of household head were the determinants of food security in the study area. The Foster-Greer-Thorbecke (FGT) headcount ratio/poverty incidence (α = 0) was 0.78. The study analyzed that there were cases striking multidimensional poverty issues in the study area which call for immediate government intervention in the study area.

Field research was commenced in Rukum West on a standing crop of onion during the flowering stage to assess the effectiveness of foliar sprays of micronutrients on the yield of onion seeds (Allium cepa L.) cv. Red Creol. The experiment was carried out using two levels of Zinc (300 ppm and 375 ppm) and two levels of Boron (240 ppm and 360 ppm) in an RCBD design with treatments applied either separately or in combinations, comprising nine treatments and three replications. The treatments were administered before flowering, during flowering, and after flowering at the seed production stage at 15 days intervals. The application of Zinc and Boron increased total seed yield, seed yield per umbel, seed yield per plant, and germination percentage. The highest seed yield per plant, seed yield per umbel, and seed yield per plot were recorded from Treatment 8 (Zn 375ppm + B 360ppm) i.e. 52.8 gm per plant, 6.12 gm per umbel, and 966.67 kg ha-1 respectively. Similarly, Treatment 1 (Zn300ppm) and Treatment 8 (Zn 375ppm + B 360ppm) showed the highest germination percentage (70%), and Treatment 9 (control) showed the lowest (45%). The treatments did not affect the thousand seed weight.

Farmers in Bangladesh are enthusiastic in dragon fruit farming as a new and promising crop that offers both difficulties and potential. The purpose of the study was to examine the advantages and disadvantages of this novel fruit from the perspective of growers. It is a descriptive survey research which was conducted in purposively selected four Upazilas of Chapainawabganj region of Bangladesh including Chapainawabganj Sadar, Gomastapur, Nachol, and Godagari from 16th April to 25th May, 2022. Pearson’s correlation test was administered to determine the relationship between socio-demographic characteristics of the growers and their knowledge on dragon fruit production. Socio-demographic profile of the randomly selected growers of the study revealed that majority of the respondents were in their middle age, highly educated, had a medium annual income with medium sized land, little farming experience, less training and higher cosmopolitan behavior. Majority of the dragon fruit growers showed high level of understanding regarding dragon fruit cultivation and their fellow farmers and mass media were determined to be the most effective sources of information. According to the study’s findings, the majority of farmers were inspired to grow dragon fruit because it is more resistant to pests and diseases, promotes excellent health, yields for a long time, and can be grown from both seeds and cuttings. Furthermore, the fruit has a higher profit margin than other field crops. Weeds, bird invasions, high labor expenses, lack of technical knowledge of farmers on dragon fruit farming were recognized as major obstacles to fruit production. According to a correlation analysis, farmers’ age, extension contacts, and cosmopolitan nature were significantly and positively correlated with their knowledge of growing dragon fruit. More government support, especially from the Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE), and fixing the issues described above could increase the fruit’s future prospects in the country.

Taking long-term threats on food supply and safety, effects of Covid-19 pandemic on nutritional habits of consumers were investigated in this study. Consumers living in Yeşilyurt district of Tokat province in 2021 constituted the primary material of the present study. Simple random sampling method was used in selection of the sample size and 162 people participated into face-to-face interviews. Changes in food consumption habits of consumers before and after the pandemic were investigated. Present findings revealed an increase in monthly food expenditures of consumers during the pandemic period. About 45% of the participating consumers stated that their nutrition levels were affected during the pandemic period. The variables that had the highest positive correlation with the nutritional effects after Covid-19 pandemic were identified as consumption of dietary supplements (vitamins, etc.) and medicinal-aromatic plants after the pandemic. Path analysis was applied to survey findings and the variables with the greatest direct effects on nutritional level of the consumers after Covid-19 pandemic were identified as change in winter preparations (88.88%), monthly fruit consumption (84.59%) and monthly meat consumption (83.44%).

Sorghum is one of the major staple crops grown in the poorest and most food-insecure regions of Ethiopia. Sorghum production is predominantly based on local seeds with limited use of commercial fertilizer or other chemicals. This study is therefore aimed to demonstrate the improved sorghum variety with its improved management practices and to assess farmers’ and extension workers’ reactions. The newly released variety of Beletew was evaluated with the variety of Melkam. The experiments were implemented using a simple plot design with farmers’ fields as a replicate. The result revealed that in both locations, the studied varieties showed nonsignificant variation in grain yield. Besides, all the participant farmers were agreed that the variety Beletew had compacted panicle, a larger number of spikes per panicle, stayed green character and yellow seed color. Similarly, about 78.3% and 65.6% of the participant farmers from Efratana gidim and Ensaro Districts respectively agreed that the variety Beletew had a larger panicle size than the variety Melkam and expected higher grain yields from it. Therefore based on the grain yield performance of the result of farmers’ evaluation, the new variety of Beletew was recommended to be pre-scale on a wider scale to sorghum-growing lowland areas as an alternative shortmatured varieties.

The farmers in most regions of Pakistan are heavily reliant on traditional farming approaches all year round and tend to cultivate exhaustive crops like wheat, cotton, maize, and sugarcane in most areas of the country. Consistently adopting this system leads to depleting the soil fertility status, which they overcome by instigating an uneconomical way of using excessive chemical fertilizers to maximize crop yields. These fertilizers are truly acidic and adversely affect soil health. Adopting sustainable farming approaches by the incorporation of legumes into the farming system with an integrated nutrient supply restores soil fertility and maintains the sustainability of the agro-ecosystem. A field experiment was performed to determine the significance of the integrated source of nutrient management on the growth and yield of sole and mixed cultures of sorghum and mungbean crops in areas with moisture regimes. The fertility treatments applied to the sole and intercrops of sorghum and mung-bean in a given sequence; i) Control, ii) Compost @ 10 t/ha, iii) FYM @ 20 t/ha, iv) NP @ 40 kg N + 30 kg P2O5 ha-1, v) ½ of recommended Compost @ 5 t/ha + ½ of recommended NP @ 20 kg N & 15 kg P2O5 ha-1, vi) ½ of recommended FYM @ 10 t/ha + ½ of recommended NP @ 20 kg N & 15 kg P2O5 ha-1. The sole crop of mungbean gave a maximum grain yield of 2229.1 kg/ha over an intercrop of 1779.7 kg/ha. Similarly, the highest grain yield of 2779.8 kg/ha of sorghum was obtained in sole culture over its intercrop of 2150.9 kg/ha. The interaction effect of cropping pattern and fertility treatments showed that sorghum and mungbean gave significant results for growth and yield parameters where a combined dose of organic & mineral fertilizers were provided in comparison to the plots where these fertilizers were applied in split doses.

The aim of this study was to assess the nutrient composition and sensory properties of breakfast cereal made from yellow maize and enriched with soybean and groundnut flours. Yellow maize was replaced with groundnut (GF) (15–35%) and soybean flour (SBF) (10–15%) to produce a more nutritionally balanced breakfast cereal. Proximate, mineral, vitamin, and sensory analysis were carried out on the formulated breakfast cereals. The results showed that groundnut and soybean flour supplementation significantly increased the protein content (20.90–23.01%) as compared to the control along with an increase in fat (10.52-11.28%), crude fibre (2.98–3.90%), and ash (1.99– 2.60%), while carbohydrate (57.09–52.66%) and energy (406.64–403.79 Kcal) decreased with the incremental addition of SBF and GF. Similarly, calcium (36.16-37.98 mg/100g), magnesium (32.16-37.98 mg/100g), potassium (10.62-12.16 mg/100g), iron (42.21-48.65 mg/100g) and vitamin A (70.07-74.01) g/dl) content of the breakfast cereals also increased significantly with increasing SBF and GF substitution, while a decrease was observed for phosphorus. The highest total score of sensory evaluation was for the control sample (golden morn), which was followed closely by the sample containing 20% GF and 15% SBF. Higher levels of SBF and GF can improve the nutritional value of breakfast cereals.

At Banganga, Kapilbastu, Nepal, a field experiment was conducted in the spring of 2021 to determine the performances of transplanted spring rice under different weed management techniques. With five treatments and four replications, the experiment was structured as a singlefactorial Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). The treatments consisted of Pretilachlor 50% EC (dose: 500 ml a.i. per acre) as pre-emergence herbicide, Pretilachlor 50% EC (dose: 500 ml a.i. per acre) as pre-emergence herbicide plus hand weeding at 20, 40 DAT, Hand weeding at 20 DAT, 40 DAT, 60 DAT, Cono-weeding at 20 DAT, 40 DAT, 60 DAT and control. The plots treated with Pretilachlor plus hand weeding recorded a significantly higher plant height (99cm), higher number of effective tillers per meter square (11.97), higher panicle length (26cm), and higher number of grains per panicle (200.60) at 90 DAT. The sterility percentage and the no. of grains per panicle were not affected by the weed management practices. Cono-weeding was found statistically superior in terms of grain yield (6.09 Mt ha-1) and harvest index (42.10 %). The experiment concluded that the weed management practices affect the grain yield of transplanted spring rice.

Paucity of knowledge on resistant variety, high yield loss ranging from 32- 57% and dearth of knowledge on management of Alternaria leaf spot has been the major concerns in radish production in the world. Our study will aid in multiplication and standardization of the germane variety of radish resistant to Alternaria leaf spot disease so as to escalate the production, productivity, and the competitiveness in the domestic as well as in the international market. Hence, this experiment was rendered to screen the radish genotypes against Alternaria leaf spot disease in Western Nepal in 2021. Seven genotypes namely Sparkle white F1 hybrid, Korean cross, Palak-patta 35, Pyuthane red, 40 days, Geeta 33, and Mino early were used as the treatment and experiment was laid out in one factorial RCBD design. Each treatment was assigned with 8 plants for observation with 3 replications per treatment. Parameters like days to appearance of disease, incidence of disease on seedling, disease severity (3 scorings), mean score of disease, mean AUDPC and reaction of genotypes were measured during the experiment. Our study unveiled highly significant result for the days to appearance of disease, disease severity, mean score of disease and AUDPC among the genotypes of radish. Alternaria leaf spot first appeared in Pyuthane red (18.33 days) while appeared late in Mino early. Disease severity was found harsh in 40 days at each scoring (57.33, 64.67 and 70.33 respectively); on the contrary severity was minor in Sparkle white at each scoring (26.67, 35 and 44.17 respectively). Similarly, the highest MDS (3.4) and AUDPC (449.8) was found in 40 days, whereas the lowest MDS (1.7) and AUDPC (246.5) was observed in Sparkle white. Ultimately, it is contended that 40 days was found to be moderately susceptible variety while other varieties were found to be moderately resistant.

The objective of this study is to investigate the planting density, nitrogen and potassium influencing on the pod characteristics of bean. The experiment is made in a Split Randomized Complete Block Design, replicated three times. Two plant densities and seven doses of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers were examined. The results reflected that density had no effect on pod attributes, except pod length in the second season, whereas significantly increased by the lower density. The plant received lower nitrogen lacking potassium increased length in the both seasons however, the higher individual potassium dose and control increased length in first and second seasons, respectively. The widest and narrowest pod diameters shown by the lower dose of nitrogen and higher dose of both fertilizers, subsequently. The separately maximum and minimum dose of potassium in the first and second season subsequently, in addition to the individual lower dose of nitrogen in the second season have a heaviest dry weight. The interaction significantly affected overall parameters, except pod diameter and dry matter in the first season. Pod dry matter is commonly constant, except with the higher density received the greatest dose of both fertilizers, whereas record significant decline. Pod length and diameter are good indicator of quality, it can be given by the lower density and lower dose of nitrogen without potassium. The combination between lower density with higher potassium dose or neutral dose of both fertilizers is a preferable for length while, the higher density with both doses of potassium or with lower nitrogen, is an appropriate for diameter. The best treatment for both, dry weight and dry matter are wobbly.

The analysis of the spatial interrelationship between soil properties and slope aspect is vital for understanding the range of influence on soil depth, moisture, and stone content distribution. This study aimed to investigate the spatial interrelationship of topsoil moisture and stone content in different slope aspects and soil depth. The 53.7 km2 watershed was divided into a 500m by 500m grid using ArcGIS and 230 soil samples were collected. In each sampling point, the soil was taken at three soil depth classes (0–25cm, 25–60cm, and 60–100cm) using a cylindrical auger, then soil samples were tested to determine the percentage of topsoil moisture, and stone content. The spatial interrelationship between aspect, soil depth, topsoil moisture, and stone content was analyzed using the R and GS+ software. The study had shown non-significant effects of aspect on topsoil moisture, stone content, and soil depth. However, topsoil moisture tends to be higher on the north-facing slope, while stone content tends to be higher on the southeast-facing slope. The analysis of Local Moran’s I revealed that topsoil moisture, stone content, and soil depth were significantly autocorrelated. The cross-semivariogram analysis of soil depth with topsoil stone content depicted a negative spatial correlation. The experimental cross-semivariogram of soil depth versus topsoil moisture was positively fitted to the exponential function, whereas soil depth with topsoil stone content was best fitted to the Gaussian model. Overall, soil depth is the more influential factor than the slope aspect regarding topsoil moisture depletion and stone content distribution in the study watershed.

The aim of the experiment is to study in vitro regeneration efficiency of international potato center (CIP)-bred salt tolerant potato genotypes under salt stress condition and to identify effective potato genotype(s) for saline belt areas of Bangladesh. An in vitro shoot bioassay of eight CIP-bred potato genotypes viz. CIP 102, CIP 106, CIP 111, CIP 117, CIP 124, BARI Alu 72 (CIP 139), and BARI Alu 73 (CIP 127) and CIP 136 were used. In this study, single node of these genotypes was cultured in MS media supplemented with 0, 80, 100, 120, 140 and 160 mM NaCl. Among the eight genotypes, BARI Alu 72 (CIP 139) showed the highest tolerance against salinity up to 160 mM NaCl (14.61 dS/m) for all studied parameters (except shoot and root initiation) with the highest plant height (9.67 cm), leaves number (13.60), nodes number (9.50), root length (6.50 cm), roots number (7.80), fresh weight of shoot (536.1 mg) and root (205.60 mg). On the other hand, CIP 106 was found the most susceptible genotype against salinity showing its highest salinity tolerance up to 120 mM NaCl (10.96 dS/m) with maximum plant height (7.17 cm), leaves number (12.50), nodes number (6.50), root length (7.50 cm), roots number (9.7), fresh weight of shoot (572.3 mg) and root (250 mg). The experiment's findings corroborated CIP's findings that they were salt tolerant, as well as recommended for their cultivation suitability in saline-affected area in Bangladesh.

Küresel iklim değişikliği ve su yetersizliği nedeni ile besin talebini karşılamak için ekonomik yönü, çevresel-sosyal etkileri ve gıda güvenliği değerlendirmelerinin çoğunda sürdürülebilirlik konularına yer verilmemektedir. Gıda Tarım Örgütü (FAO) ve Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (WHO) sürdürülebilir sağlıklı diyetin tanımını “Sürdürülebilir diyetler düşük çevresel etkili, besin ve beslenme güvencesinin günümüzde var olmasını ve gelecek nesillere aktarılmasını sağlayan sağlıklı yaşamı hedefleyen diyetlerdir” şeklinde yapmıştır. Dünya’da sürdürülebilir diyetlerin insanlara ve doğal kaynaklara uygun, biyoçeşitliliğe ve ekosisteme karşı koruyucu, saygılı, duyarlı, ekonomik olarak ulaşılabilir ve beslenme açısından yeterli, güvenilir ve sağlıklı olması gerekmektedir. Çevresel bozulmaların sonucunda besin üretimi ve tüketimi olumsuz yönde etkilenmektedir. Mevcut küresel besin sistemi ve beslenme sürdürülebilirlik açısından değerlendirildiğinde yetersiz olduğu düşünülmektedir. Ancak gıda güvenliği ve sürdürülebilirlik için yapılan çalışmalarda sağlıklı beslenme durumunu sürdürmek için kritik olan diyet ve besin çeşitliliği ile mikro besin yeterliliğini ele alınmamıştır. Bu nedenle derlemede sürdürülebilir beslenme açısından farklı toplumların benimseyerek uyguladığı, sağlıklı ve sürdürülebilir olarak değerlendirilen bazı beslenme modellerinden olan Akdeniz, Dash, Yeni Nordik, Temiz Baltık, Vejetaryen, Paleotik ve Intermittent Fasting Diyet gibi beslenme modelleri irdelenerek sürdürülebilir diyetlerin hem insan sağlığı hem de çevreye olan etkileri üzerine odaklanılmıştır.

Son yıllarda tüketiciler, bazı gıda ve/veya bileşenlerine karşı oluşan alerji, intolerans ve hassasiyet gibi şikayetleri doğrultusunda veya farklı beslenme tercihleri sebebiyle, diyetlerinde değişikliğe gitmektedir. Bu bağlamda, inek sütü alerjisi ve laktoz intoleransı başta olmak üzere sağlıkla ilgili problemleri olan veya vegan/vejetaryen gibi beslenme/hayat tarzını benimsemiş tüketiciler, inek sütünü bitkisel esaslı süt alternatifleri ile ikame etme eğilimi göstermektedir. Öte yandan, dünya nüfusundaki artış ve buna bağlı olarak doğal kaynaklarda meydana gelen azalma kaynaklı olmak üzere sürdürülebilirlikle olan ilişkisinden dolayı hayvansal kaynaklardan bitkisel kaynaklara bir yönelim söz konusudur. Bu nedenle bitkisel esaslı süt alternatifleri, tüketicilerin bu ihtiyaç ve/veya taleplerinin karşılanması açısından oldukça önemli bir yere sahiptir. Son yıllarda, soya, hindistan cevizi, badem ve yulaf başta olmak üzere farklı kaynaklardan elde edilen bitkisel esaslı süt alternatiflerine olan ilgi artış göstermektedir. Öte yandan, bitkisel süt alternatiflerinin besleyici değerinin yanı sıra duyusal özelliklerinin ve depolama stabilitesinin arttırılması önem arz etmektedir. Bu nedenle son yıllarda yapılan çalışmalar özellikle bitkisel esaslı süt alternatiflerinin termal olmayan yenilikçi teknolojiler ile işlenmesi üzerine yoğunlaşmaktadır.

Temiz içilebilir su kaynaklarına ihtiyacın en fazla hissedildiği koronavirüs küresel salgınıyla birlikte kentsel su tüketimine olan bağımlılık artmıştır. Küresel salgın döneminde, su kullanımının değişiminin incelenmesi, kentsel su kullanım arzının sürdürülebilirliğinin sağlanmasının önemini göstermektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Ankara ilinde küresel salgınla birlikte kentsel su tüketiminde bir artış olup olmadığını tespit etmektir. Çalışmanın materyali 2010-2021 yılları arasında Ankara iline ait aylık su tüketim verisinden oluşmaktadır. Salgın öncesi (Temmuz 2018-Şubat 2020) ve salgın sonrası (Mart 2020-Ekim 2021) olmak üzere iki dönem ve toplam 40 aylık su tüketim verisi kullanılmıştır. Parametrik olmayan Mann-Whitney U testi ve Parametrik Genişletilmiş Dickey-Fuller testi kullanılarak su tüketimindeki değişim analiz edilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda konut su tüketiminde en yüksek artış 2019 yılına göre %94,04 ile 2020 yılı haziran ayında, en yüksek azalış 2020 yılına göre %42,54 ile 2021 yılı haziran ayında gerçekleşmiştir. İşyeri su tüketiminde en yüksek azalış 2019 yılına göre %74,31 ile 2020 yılı mayıs ayında, en yüksek artış 2020 yılına göre %63,76 ile 2021 yılı mayıs ayında meydana gelmiştir. Toplam su tüketiminde ise salgın öncesi ve salgın sonrası dönemler için anlamlı bir değişim görülmemiştir. Mann-Whitney U testi sonuçlarına göre salgın öncesi ve salgın sonrası 20 aylık dönemlere göre konutlarda ve işyerlerinde su kullanımındaki farklılık istatistiksel olarak önemli çıkmış (P= 0,015 ve P= 0,041) ve medyan değerlerine göre su tüketiminde salgın öncesinden salgın sonrasına doğru konutlarda artan bir trend, işyerlerinde ise azalan bir trend izlenmiştir.

Bu çalışma yumurtlayan bıldırcın rasyonlarında farklı seviyelerde beyaz sorgum danesi (BSD) kullanımının performansa, kabuk kalitesine, yumurta iç kalitesine ve yumurta sarısı renk parametrelerine etkisini belirlemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Bu amaçla 168 adet dişi Japon bıldırcını her birinde 3 adet bıldırcın bulunan 8 tekerrürlü 7 muamele grubuna rastgele dağıtılmıştır. Muamele rasyonları %0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40 ve 50 seviyesinde BSD kullanılarak oluşturulmuştur. Rasyonda %5 seviyesinde BSD kullanılan grubun yem tüketimi %30, 40 ve 50 seviyesinde BSD kullanılan gruba göre önemli derecede yüksek olmuş (P<0,01), ancak diğer performans parametreleri beyaz sorgum kullanımından etkilenmemiştir (P>0,05). Yumurta kabuk kalite parametrelerinden hasarlı yumurta oranı ve kabuk kalınlığı muamele gruplarından önemli derecede etkilenmiş ve hasarlı yumurta oranı %50 BSD seviyesinde önemli derece artmıştır. Yumurta iç kalite parametrelerinden sarı indeksi %5, 10 ve 20 seviyelerinde BSD kullanımı ile önemli derecede artmıştır (P<0,01). Yumurta sarısı renk parametreleri rasyonda BSD kullanımından etkilenmiş ve kontrol grubu (%0) ile karşılaştırıldığında Roche skala skoru %40, a* değeri %5 ve b* değeri %20 seviyesinden itibaren önemli derecede düşmüştür. Yumurta sarısı L* değeri ise kontrol grubu ile karşılaştırıldığında %40 ve 50 seviyelerinde BSD kullanımı ile önemli derecede artmıştır. Bu sonuçlara göre; bıldırcınların performansı ve yumurta kalitesi dikkate alındığında BSD’nin bıldırcınların rasyonlarında %30 seviyesine kadar kullanılabileceğini göstermektedir.

Bu çalışma ile günümüzde ısınma amaçlı ve mobilyacılıkta dolgu malzemesi olarak kullanılan fındık kabuğunun organik bir materyal olan biyokömüre dönüştürülerek, farklı topraklarda yetiştirilen buğday bitkisinin rizosfer bölgesindeki mikrobiyal aktivite üzerine etkinliği araştırılmıştır. Sera şartlarında, kumlu killi-tın ve kumlu-tınlı tekstüre sahip iki farklı toprağa 0, 10 ve 20 ton/ha biyokömür ilave edilerek buğday bitkisinin rizosfer bölgesindeki biyolojik özellikleri (mikrobiyal biomass-C, CO2-üretimi, üreaz, asit fosfataz ve alkalin fosfataz aktiviteleri) üzerine etkileri incelenmiştir. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre üreaz enzim aktivitesi her iki tekstürde de 10 ton/ha dozu ile etkili olurken, asit ve alkalin fosfataz enzim aktivitesi kumlu-tın tekstürde10 ton/ha dozunda, kumlu-tın bünyede ise 20 ton/ha uygulamasında daha etkili bulunmuştur. CO2 üretimi ve mikrobiyal biyomass-C değerlerinde ise sırası ile 10 ton/ha ve 20 ton/ha dozları öne çıkmıştır.

Bu araştırmada, Adıyaman ve Gaziantep illerinde organik tarım yapan üreticilerin tarım sigortasına yaklaşımları anket yoluyla belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu amaçla, Gaziantep ilinde 84, Adıyaman ilinde ise 79 adet organik tarım üreticisi ile yüz yüze anket yapılmıştır. Çalışmada, elde edilen verilerin değerlendirilmesinde ortalamalar ve Khi-kare yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Tarım sigortası yaptırıp yaptırmama durumunu etkileyen değişkenler lojistik regresyon analizi yapılarak incelenmiştir. Her iki ilde en çok sigorta yaptırılan organik ürün antepfıstığı olup, bunu zeytin, üzüm, ceviz, badem ve nar takip etmiştir. En çok sigorta yaptıran yaş grubunun 46 yaş üzeri ve ilköğretim mezun grupları olduğu görülmüştür. Adıyaman ilindeki organik tarım yapan çiftçilerin, tarım sigortası yaptırma durumunun Gaziantep ilindeki çiftçilere oranla 0,501 kat olduğu saptanmıştır. Üreticilerin tarım sigortası yaptırma nedeni olarak, ürünlerinin çok zarar görmesi, geleceğe daha güvenle bakabilmek, sürekli afet riskinin olması ve sigortaya devletin destek vermesini sebep olarak ifade etmişlerdir. Tarım sigortası yaptırmayan üreticiler gerekçe olarak, sigorta maliyetinin yüksek olması, hasar ödemelerinin zamanında yapılacağına inanmamaları ve doğal afetlerden hiç zarar görmemiş olmalarını bildirmişlerdir.

Kayısı çekirdeği ağrı kesici, antimutajenik, iltihap önleyici ve antimikrobiyal olarak tıp alanında kullanılmaktadır. Ayrıca kayısı çekirdeklerinin tatlı olanları çerez olarak tüketilmekte, acı olanları ise kozmetik sanayisinde hammadde olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Kullanım alanlarını dolaylı veya doğrudan etkileyeceği düşünülen kayısı çekirdeği kurutma işleminde yöntemlerin etkisinin belirlenmesi önemlidir. Bu amaçla yapılan çalışmada, kayısı çekirdekleri etüvde (50°C, 60°C ve 70°C), iklimlendirme kabininde (%30 RH+50°C, %30 RH+60, ve %30 RH+70°C) ve gölgede olmak üzere 3 farklı yöntemde kurutulmuştur. Kurutma işlemlerinin kuruma süreleri incelendiğinde en uzun kuruma 22 saat ile gölgede kurutma yönteminde, en kısa kuruma ise 4 saat ile 70°C kurutma sıcaklığında etüvde tespit edilmiştir. Tüm yöntemler için matematiksel model verileri incelendiğinde; Midilli-Küçük model eşitliği Page, Yağcıoğlu ve Midilli-Küçük kurutma modelleri arasında en iyi model (R2=0,9999) olarak tahmin etmiştir. Renk değerleri incelendiğinde taze kayısı çekirdeğinin renk değerlerine istatistiksel açıdan en yakın yöntemler iklimlendirme kabininde 70°C ve %30 bağıl nem koşulunda, etüvde ise 70°C sıcaklıkta bulunmuştur. Termo-fiziksel özellikler de ise en büyük özgül ısı, termal iletkenlik, termal difüzivite değerleri gölgede kurutma yönteminde belirlenirken, en büyük özgül kütle değerleri ise 60°C de etüvde kurutulan örneklerde belirlenmiştir.

Bu çalışmada Muş ilinde küçükbaş hayvan yetiştiriciliğinde son 30 yılda yaşanan değişimler, mevcut durum, sorunlar ve geleceğe yönelik çözüm önerileri ele alınmıştır. Muş ilinde nüfusun %52,5’i kırsal alanlarda yaşamakta ve çoğunluğu hayvancılıkla geçinmektedir. Koyun ve keçi yetiştiriciliği için önemli bir potansiyele sahip olan il, küçükbaş hayvan varlığı bakımından Türkiye’de 15’inci sırada yer almaktadır. Çayır ve mera alanlarının toplam alana oranı (%49,7) Türkiye ortalamasının (%18,8) oldukça üzerindedir. İşletmelerin büyük bir kısmında hayvancılık meraya dayalı olarak yerli koyun ve keçi ırkları ile yürütülmektedir. Çayır-mera alanlarının ildeki hayvan varlığının yaşama payı kaba yem gereksinimlerinin %40,1’ini karşılayabileceği hesaplanmıştır. Öte yandan ilde önemli bir yem bitkileri üretim potansiyeli bulunmakta olup, yonca üretiminde Türkiye’de 4’üncü sıradadır. Ancak ilde 1990 yılında 1.642.020 baş olan küçükbaş hayvan varlığı, %23,9 oranında gerileyerek 2021 yılında 1.250.000 başa düşmüştür. Koyun varlığındaki gerileme %27,2’ye ulaşmıştır. Türkiye genelinde olduğu gibi Muş’ta da ağılların önemli bir bölümü hayvan refahı açısından yetersiz durumdadırlar. Mera alanlarına ilişkin en önemli sorun, otlatma yönetiminin doğru yapılamamasıdır. Küçükbaş hayvancılıkta sürdürülebilirliğin sağlanabilmesi için kırsal yörelerden göçü, nüfus ve iş gücünün azalmasını önleyecek teşvikler sağlanmalı, girdi maliyetlerinin düşürülmesi ve elde edilen ürünlerin katma değerlerinin artırılması için çaba gösterilmelidir. Öte yandan organik hayvancılığa geçiş ve bu yönde örgütlenmenin özellikle küçük aile işletmelerinin varlıklarını sürdürebilmeleri için bir fırsat yaratacağı düşünülmektedir.

Bu çalışmada toprak organik madde içeriğini iyileştirmek için toprağa ahır gübresi ve biyoçar uygulanarak farklı organik madde seviyelerinin [%1,21 (kontrol) %1,5, %2,5, %3,5 ve %4,5] elde edildiği inkübe toprağın temiz su ve arıtılmış atık suyla sulanması koşullarında bir aylık ıslanma- kuruma döngüsünde topraktan CO2 ve H2O salınımı ile toprak nemi ve sıcaklığı değerleri araştırılmıştır. Çalışmanın sonuçları kontrol uygulamasına göre ahır gübresiyle toprağın iyileştirilen organik madde içeriğinde CO2 salınımının %29’dan %146’a kadar arttığını gösterirken biyoçarın %1,5 ve 2,5 organik madde seviyelerinin kontrol uygulamasıyla istatistiksel olarak benzer olduğunu ancak biyoçarla daha fazla artan organik madde katkısının kontrol uygulamasına göre salınımı %28 ve %81 arttırdığını belirlemiştir. Arıtılmış atık suyla sulama temiz suya göre %40 daha fazla CO2 salınımıyla sonuçlanmıştır. Ahır gübresi ve biyoçarla toprağın artan organik madde katkısı topraktan daha az H2O salınımı ve daha fazla toprak nemi sağlamış ve ahır gübresinin aksine biyoçarın H2O salınımını azaltıcı ve toprak nemini koruyucu etkisi belirlenmiştir. Toprak neminin daha fazla olması nemin yüksek bulunduğu uygulamalarda toprak sıcaklığını azaltıcı bir etki ortaya çıkarmıştır. Ayrıca topraktan CO2 salınımı toprak nemi ile önemli pozitif doğrusal ilişki göstermiş ancak toprak sıcaklığıyla olan etkisi önemsiz olmuştur. Toprak organik maddesini iyileştirmek için ahır gübresi yerine biyoçarın topraktan CO2 ve H2O salınımlarını azaltıcı ve toprak nemini koruyucu özelliklerinden yararlanılması önemli bir sonuç olmakla beraber özellikle atık suyla sulama koşullarında biyoçarın çevre dostu bir uygulama olarak kullanımı bu çalışmanın sonucunda önerilebilir olarak bulunmuştur.

Bu çalışma Tokat-Zile kuru ve sulu koşullarında 25 adet makarnalık buğday çeşidinin verim ve verim özelliklerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla 2019-2020 ve 2020-2021 buğday yetiştirme döneminde yürütülmüştür. Denemeler, kuru ve sulu koşullarda Tesadüf Blokları Bölünmüş Parsel Deneme Desenine göre üç tekerrürlü olarak kurulmuştur. Çalışmada, birleştirilmiş çevreler (yıl, kuru-sulu) ortalamaları doğrultusunda incelenen tüm özellikler bakımından çeşitler arasında önemli farklılıklar bulunmuştur. Çeşitlerin kuru ve sulu koşullarda ortalama başaklanma süresi 153,8 ve 155,1 gün, olgunlaşma süresi 186,0 ve 188,7 gün, bitki boyu 66,2 ve 70,7 cm, metrekarede başak sayısı 245,4 ve 300,6 adet, başak uzunluğu 5,9 ve 6,4 cm, başakta tane sayısı 26,6 ve 29,7 adet, tek başak verimi 1,26 ve 1,48 g, bin tane ağırlığı 41,5 ve 43,4 g, hektolitre ağırlığı 80,4 ve 810 kg, tane verimi 252,8 ile 315,9 kg/da olarak belirlenmiştir. Sulu koşullarda elde edilen ortalama değerler kuru koşullardan daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Birleştirilmiş çevrelerin sonuçlarına göre çeşitlerin tane verimleri 220,2-351,3 kg/da arasında değişim göstermiştir. Araştırmada, başak uzunluğu ve bitki boyu bakımından Soylu, bin tane ağırlığı bakımından Şahinbey ve Ankara 98, hektolitre ağırlığı bakımından Sarıçanak 98, tane verimi bakımından Eminbey, Altın 40/98, Mirzabey ve Ankara 98 çeşitleri ön plana çıkmıştır. Tokat Zile yöresinde yüksek tane verimi ve istenen diğer özelliklere sahip Eminbey, Altın 40/98 ve Ankara 98 çeşitlerinin başarıyla yetiştirilebileceği belirlenmiştir.

Arazi kullanım/arazi örtüsü haritalarının, gerçek yersel verilerle uyumlu olması doğru ve etkin bir arazi planlamasında çok önemlidir. Bu çalışmada, TR21 Trakya Bölgesi için kullanılabilecek, güncel, küresel ve bölgesel arazi kullanım/arazi örtüsü haritalarının doğruluk değerlendirmesi yapılmıştır. 400 referans nokta, arazi sınıflarına katmanlı rastgele olacak şekilde dağıtılmıştır. Kappa testi ile belirlenen arazi kullanım/arazi örtüsü doğruluk değerleri Copernicus, ESA, Corine düzey 1 ve düzey 2 haritaları için sırasıyla; 0,63, 0,83, 0,80 ve 0,71’dir. Sınıflandırılmış haritaların, bölgede çok fazla yer kaplayan ekilebilir tarım arazileri ve orman alanlarını iyi derecede temsil ettiği bununla birlikte maki/çalılık ve fundalık alanlarda ve mera ve çayır alanlarda doğruluk oranının düşük kaldığı sonucuna varılmıştır. Bütün haritalar birlikte değerlendirildiğinde, mekansal planlama çalışmalarında, bölgesel ölçekte ESA verilerinin, yerel çalışmalarda ise Corine düzey 2 verilerinin kullanılması çok faydalı olacaktır.

Olea europaea (zeytin) bitkisi başta gıda, sabun, kozmetik gibi pek çok alanda yaygın bir kullanıma sahip olup geleneksel tedavilerde de kullanıldığı bilinen ve tıbbi yönü olan bir bitkidir. Bu çalışmada Kahramanmaraş’ın merkez bölgesinde yetişen zeytin ağacı yaprakları haziran ayında toplanmış ve farklı çözücülerle elde edilen ekstraktlarından toplam fenolik, flavonoid içerikleri ile antioksidan, enzim inhibisyon aktivitelerinin yanı sıra yağ asidi bileşenleri belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca tüm bitki ekstraktlarının antimikrobiyal aktiviteleri oyuk agar (well-diffusion) metodu ile ve MIC değerleri mikroplakalarda tespit edilmiştir. GC-MS analiz sonucuna göre O. europaea’nın yaprak kısmına ait 13 farklı yağ asidi belirlenmiştir. Sabit yağın başlıca bileşenlerini oleik asit, linoleik asit, palmitik asit, gama-linoleik asit, lignoserik asit, stearik asit, miristik asit, palmiteloik asit, trikosanoik asit ve nervonik asit oluşturmaktadır. Bitki ekstraklarının toplam fenolik madde değerleri; 31,72-59,31 mg/g, toplam flavonoid miktarları 4,64-15,98 mg/g, FRAP değerleri 38,93-50,44 μg/g ve DPPH değerleri 0,85-1,71 mg/g olarak tespit edilmiştir. Antimikrobiyal etki açısından test edilen

Bu çalışma tütün üretim ve pazarlama kooperatiflerin sayıca fazla kurulduğu Adıyaman-Çelikhan’da yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmada, tütün üretim ve pazarlama kooperatiflerine üye olan ve üye olmayan üreticilerin sosyo-ekonomik özellikleri, işletme özellikleri ve tütün üretim ve pazarlama kooperatiflerinin geliştirilmesi ve yaygınlaştırılmasına katkıda bulunmak amacıyla, aynı köyde yaşayan kooperatife üye olan ve üye olmayan tütün üretimi yapan toplam 90 üretici oransal örnekleme yöntemi kullanılarak belirlenmiş ve yüz yüze anket çalışması yapılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre; kooperatife üye olan üreticilerin; daha fazla sözleşme yaptıkları, daha fazla çiftçi kayıt sistemine dahil oldukları, sarmalık kıyılmış tütün mamullerinden alınan ÖTV oranını daha fazla bildikleri, ortak olma nedenlerinde “ürünleri yüksek fiyata satabilmenin ilk sırada yer aldığı”, kooperatifin en önemli fonksiyonunun ürün alımı olduğunu, kooperatifçilik konusunda eğitime ihtiyaç duydukları, teknik veya hukuki konularda ziraat odasından daha fazla bilgi aldıkları kooperatife üye olmayan üreticilerin ise, başka ürün yetiştirmeyi bilmedikleri için tütün üretimi yaptıklarını, kooperatiflerin daha iyi ve başarılı olması için devletin finansal yardım yapması gerektiğini, kooperatife üye olmak istememelerinin başlıca sebepleri arasında; mevcut kooperatifleri güvenilir olarak bulmadıklarını, başarılı olamayacaklarını belirtip, ancak bu sorunların çözülmesi halinde %83,8’i üye olabileceklerini ifade etmişlerdir. Kooperatif yöneticileri ve üyelerine hak ve yükümlülükleri ile kooperatif ve işletmecilik konularında belli periyodlarla eğitim faaliyetlerinin yürütülmesi kooperatifçiliğin devamlılığını sağlamaya katkı sağlayacaktır.

Bu çalışmada besinsel lif ve β-glukan yönünden zengin fonksiyonel bir gıda olan yulaf ezmesi ile fenolik maddelerce zengin, yüksek antioksidan içeren yaban mersini kurusu çikolatada katkı olarak kullanılmıştır. Yaban mersini kurusu ve yulaf ezmesi 1:1 oranında karıştırılarak elde edilen karışım sütlü kuvertür çikolataya %10, 20, 30, 40, 50 oranlarında ilave edilmiş ve kalorisi düşük ve sağlıklı bir ürün elde edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Hazırlanan katkılı çikolata örneklerinin nem, kül, karbonhidrat, yağ, protein, selüloz, şeker ve enerji değerleri saptanmış ve örneklerin genel görünüş ve genel kabul edilebilirlik özellikleri duyusal olarak incelenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda kuvertür çikolataya eklenen yulaf ezmesi ve yaban mersini kurusu karışımı örneklerinin nem değeri (%0,35-4,90), kül içeriği (%2,24-1,43), karbonhidrat değeri (%55,82-66,57), yağ miktarı (%33,20-20,05), protein miktarı (%8,49-7,09), selüloz miktarı (1,03-1,90), şeker miktarı (%39,30-46,87) ve enerji değerleri (%467,57- 550,86) olarak belirlenmiştir. Duyusal analiz sonuçlarına göre ise yulaf ezmesi ve yaban mersini kurusu karışımının çikolatadaki miktarı arttıkça tercih edilme oranının azaldığı görülmüştür.

Bu çalışmada, farklı oranlarda (%0-%20 ve %40) kompost içeren ortamlara bakteri ve mikoriza uygulamalarının etkileri araştırılmıştır. Çalışmada lale soğanları, 0,3 absorbans (Abs) değerine sahip bakteri süspansiyonlarına 30 dakika ve 5000 ppm mikoriza süspansiyonuna 10 saniye daldırıldıktan sonra 20 cm derinliğinde × 40 cm genişliğinde × 60 cm uzunluğundaki plastik kasalara dikilmiştir. Yetiştiricilik sonunda hasat edilen lale petallerindeki toplam fenol (μg GAE/g fw), TEAC (μmol TE/g fw) ve toplam flavonoid (mg KE/L fw) içerikleri incelenmiştir. Çalışma sonunda, sadece kompost uygulamaları kıyaslandığında, %40 oranında kompost uygulanan ortamlardan alınan lale petallerinde en yüksek TP (28682,63 μg GAE/g fw) ve Total Flavonoid (1011,96 mg KE/L fw) ölçülürken, kompost içermeyen ortamlarda (%0) ise en yüksek TEAC (9.46 μmol TE/g fw) değeri ölçülmüştür. Bakteri ve mikoriza uygulamalarında ise, mikroorganizma uygulaması yapılmayan ortamlar, uygulama yapılan ortamlara kıyasla daha iyi sonuçlar vermiştir. Farklı kompost oranları ile bakteri uygulamalarının kombinesi sonucunda, en yüksek TP (28833,42 μg GAE/g fw) ve Total Flavonoid (1014,07 mg KE/L fw) içerikleri %40 kompost uygulaması ve bakteri uygulaması yapılan ortamlardan alınan petallerde ölçülürken, en yüksek TEAC (9,80 μmol TE/g fw) %40 oranında kompost içeren ve bakteri bulunmayan ortamlardan alınan petallerde ölçülmüştür. Farklı kompost oranları ile mikoriza uygulamalarının etkileri kıyaslandığında, %40 kompost oranı ve mikoriza uygulamasının bulunmadığı ortamlarda en yüksek TP (29944,53 μg GAE/g fw), TEAC (10,13 μmol TE/g fw) ve Total Flavonoid (1083,52 mg KE/L fw) değerleri saptanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, kompost oranları arttıkça değerlerde artışların gerçekleştiği, mikroorganizmaların ise fitokimyasal içeriklerinde etkili olmadığı sonucuna varılmıştır.

Tarhana çorbası, yüksek besin değeri ile Türkiye’de tüketimi yaygın geleneksel bir gıdadır. Tarhana genellikle buğday unu, yoğurt ve domates, yeşil biber, soğan gibi sebzeler kullanılarak hazırlanır; ısıl işlem, fermantasyon ve kurutma başlıca uygulamalardır. Karabuğday, çölyak hastalarının tüketimi için önemli bir bileşendir. Su kefiri, probiyotik ürün tüketimi ve vegan bireyler için önemli potansiyele sahiptir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, fonksiyonel özellikleri geliştirilmiş tarhana üretimidir. Bunun için tarhana üretiminde balkabağı, karabuğday unu kullanılarak ve yoğurt yerine su kefiri fermantasyonu ile biyoaktif bileşenler artırılmıştır. Tarhanalar konvansiyonel yöntemle ve dondurularak kurutularak bileşen özellikleri belirlenmiştir. Tarhana hamuru fermantasyon sonrasında 30°C'de 48 saat konvansiyonel yöntemle (KKT) ve -55°C'de 24 saat dondurularak kurutulmuştur (DKT). Daha sonra tarhana örnekleri 100 μm düşük yoğunluklu polietilen torbalarda paketlenerek 4°C'de muhafaza edilmiştir. Raf ömrü süresince mikrobiyolojik analizler (Lactobacillus spp., Lactococcus spp. ve maya), kimyasal analizler (pH, % kurumadde, % kül), toplam fenolik madde, toplam antioksidan aktivite (DPPH ve TEAC), renk analizi ve tarhanalarda duyusal değerlendirme yapılmıştır. KKT örneklerinin mikrobiyal bileşimi 6,80 log kob/g Laktobasil, 6,40 log kob/g Laktokok ve 5,30 log kob/g maya’dır. DKT örnekleri 7,10 log kob/g Laktobasil; 7,0 kob/g Laktokok ve 5,20 log kob/g maya içermektedir. Su kefiri mikrobiyotası tarhana hamurunda gelişme göstermiştir. KKT ve DKT örneklerinde toplam fenolik madde sırasıyla 59,10 ve 55,52 mg/L GAE tespit edilmiştir. KKT ve DKT örneklerinin TEAC değerleri sırasıyla 38,2 ve 36,9 mM; DPPH değerleri sırasıyla 3,90 ve 12,30 mM’dır. Balkabağı, tarhana örneklerinin toplam antioksidan kapasitesini artırmıştır. Dondurularak kurutulan tarhanalarda duyusal beğeni daha yüksektir.

Sürdürülebilir topraksız tarım için çevre dostu ve yenilenebilir materyallerin önemi her geçen gün artmaktadır. Yeşil ve organik atıklardan elde edilen kompost bu materyallerden biridir. Bu çalışmada elma, üzüm ve domates posalarından elde edilen kompostun topraksız domates yetiştiriciliğinde etkileri araştırılmıştır. Elma, üzüm ve domates atıkları meyve suyu ve salça fabrikalarından temin edilmiştir. Elma, üzüm ve domates atıkları ayrı ayrı kompostlaştırılmıştır. Kompost yapımında ana materyale (2m3) 200 dm3 ahır gübresi, 5 kg kireç ve 5 kg üre ilave edilmiştir. Kompost yapımı 22 hafta sürmüştür. Denemede 9 farklı ortam kullanılmış olup, bunlar; kokopit: perlit (2:1) (Kontrol); domates kompostu: perlit (2:1) (D); elma kompostu: perlit (2:1) (E); üzüm kompostu:perlit (2:1) (Ü); domates: elma: üzüm kompostu: perlit (1:1:1:1) (DEÜ); domates kompostu: kokopit: perlit (1:1:1) (DC); elma kompostu: kokopit: perlit (1:1:1) (EC); üzüm kompostu: kokopit: perlit (1:1:1) (ÜC) ve DEÜ kompostu: kokopit: perlit (1:1:1) (DEÜC). Ortamlar hacim esasına göre belirlenmiştir. Besin solüsyonu çiçeklenmeye kadar 2,0 dS/m ve çiçeklenmeden sonra 2,2 dS/m, pH:5,9 şeklinde uygulanmıştır. En yüksek pazarlanabilir verim elma, domates ve üzüm kompostu + kokopit uygulamasında 286,59 ton/ha olmuştur. Kompost kullanılması pazarlanabilir verimde kontrole göre %39,73 artış sağlanmıştır. Vitamin C kontrolde en yüksek çıkarken, pH ve suda çözünebilir kuru madde miktarı değişmemiştir. Kompost kullanılması domates meyvelerinde çiçek burnu çürüklüğünü azaltmış, yaprak kuru ağırlığını artırmıştır. Sonuç olarak, denemede üzüm ve özellikle elma posasından elde edilen kompostun topraksız tarımda domates yetiştiriciliğinde başarıyla kullanılabildiği ve ticari ortamlardan biri olan kokpite göre daha etkili olduğu anlaşılmıştır.

Gül çeliklerinin kök oluşumunu teşvik etmek amacıyla genellikle Indol-3-Bütirik Asit (IBA) gibi büyüme düzenleyiciler kullanılmaktadır. Ancak, günümüzde sürdürülebilir tarım uygulamaları kapsamında, bitkisel üretim sürecinde sentetik kimyasallara alternatif yeni materyallerin ve yöntemlerin araştırma çalışmaları giderek hız kazanmaktadır. Bu tür alternatif uygulamaların başında ise, günümüzde kullanımı gittikçe yaygınlaşan bitki gelişimini teşvik eden rizobakteriler (PGPR) ve mikoriza mantarları yer almaktadır. Bu çalışmada, 12-15 cm uzunluğunda hazırlanan yeşil gül çeliklerine Bacillus cereus (ZE-7), Pseudomonas putida (ZE-12) rizobakterileri ve mikoriza (6000 ppm) uygulanmıştır. Çelikler mikoriza süspansiyonunda 10 saniye, rizobakteri süspansiyonunda 30 dakika bekletildikten sonra köklendirme ortamına dikilmiştir. Çalışmada, uygulamaların çelik kök gelişimine etkilerini belirlemek amacıyla; köklenme oranı (%), kallüslenme oranı (%), çürüme oranı (%), kök sayısı (adet) ve kök uzunluğu (cm) parametrelerine bakılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda; en yüksek köklenme oranı (%19,44), en yüksek kallüslenme oranı (%38,89) ve en fazla kök sayısı (8,64 adet) ZE-12 uygulanmış çeliklerde elde edilmiştir. Özellikle rizobakteri uygulaması çeliklerdeki çürüme oranını azaltmada yüksek etki göstermiştir. Çeliklerdeki en düşük çürüme oranı, kontrole (%38,89) kıyasla ZE-7 (%8,33) uygulamasından elde edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, mikoriza ve rizobakteri uygulamalarının gül çeliklerinde uygulanabileceği ve bu uygulamaların köklendirmede IBA’ya alternatif olarak tercih edilebileceği sonucuna varılmıştır.

Bu çalışma Ankara ili merkez ilçelerinde ikamet eden (Altındağ, Çankaya, Etimesgut, Gölbaşı, Keçiören, Mamak, Pursaklar, Sincan ve Yenimahalle) tüketicilerin keçi eti ve et ürünlerine karşı olan algılarını belirlemek ve bu ürünlerin tüketiminde etkili olan faktörlerin belirlenmesi amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu amaçla 269 tüketiciyle yüz yüze anketler gerçekleştirilerek tüketicilerin sosyo-ekonomik ve demografik özellikleri, keçi eti ve et ürünleri tüketmeye ve satın almaya yönelik davranışları incelenmiştir. Araştırma bulguları ki kare istatistik yöntemi ve çapraz tablo ile analiz edilmiştir. Ankete katılan tüketicilerin %82,2’sinin keçi eti ve et ürünlerini tüketmediği %17,8’inin ise tükettiği belirlenmiştir. Tüketiciler tarafından keçi eti ürünü olarak en çok kuşbaşı (%16,7) ve kıyma (%13,8) tüketildiği ve aylık keçi kuşbaşı ve keçi kıyması tüketim miktarlarının sırasıyla; 0,20 ve 0,17 kg olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Yapılan ki kare analizi sonucunda tüketicilerin demografik özellikleriyle keçi eti ve et ürünleri tüketimi arasındaki ilişkinin istatistik olarak önemli olmadığı fakat erkek, evli,18-45 yaş aralığında ve eğitim düzeyi yüksek bireylerin keçi eti tüketme eğilimlerinin daha yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bununla birlikte kurban kesme eğilimiyle keçi eti tüketimi arasındaki ilişkinin önemli olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Keçi eti ve et ürünleri tüketici tercih ve algısının arttırılmasına yönelik yapılacak olan tanıtım çalışmalarında bu özelliklerin dikkate alınması daha etkili sonuçlar elde edilmesine neden olacaktır.

Bu çalışma, silolama öncesi aktifleştirilen Lactobacillus buchneri (NCIMB 40788 ˗ CNCM I-4323; Lalsil AS, Lallemand Inc., Canada) inokulantının mısır silajına üre ile ilavesinin fermantasyon ve aerobik stabilite üzerine etkilerini belirlemek amacıyla düzenlenmiştir. Mısır süt olum döneminde hasat edilmiştir. Hasat sonrası materyaller, 6 muamele grubuna bölünmüştür. Muamele grupları 1- Kontrol; 2- Lactobacillus buchneri (LB), 3×108 kob/g taze materyal; 3- Üre (Üre), %1 kuru madde; 4- Lactobacillus buchneri + Üre (LB+Üre); 5-Aktive edilen Lactobacillus buchneri (aLB), 3×108 kob/g taze materyal; 6- Aktive edilen Lactobacillus buchneri + Üre (aLB+Üre)’den oluşmaktadır. Katkı maddesi ilavesinden sonra silaj örnekleri her muamele grubunda 3’er tekerrür olmak üzere plastik torbalara vakumlanarak doldurulmuştur. Fermantasyonun 1., 3., 7., 14. ve 75. günü açılan silaj örneklerinde kimyasal ve mikrobiyolojik analizler yapılmıştır. Yetmiş beşinci gün açılan silajlara 7 gün süre ile aerobik stabilite testi uygulanmıştır. Bu çalışmada silolama öncesi aktifleştirilen Lactobacillus buchneri inokulantı ve üre ilavesi mısır silajlarının fermantasyonun ve aerobik stabilitesini olumlu yönde etkilemiştir. aLB grubundaki silajların ham protein (HP), laktik asit (LA) değerleri artarken, asetik asit (AA), propiyonik asit (PA), pH, nötral çözücülerde çözünmeyen lif (NDF), asit çözücülerde çözünmeyen lif (ADF), hemiselüloz (HSEL) ve maya içerikleri ise düşmüştür. Silajlara aLB+ Üre ilave edilmesi silajların aerobik stabilitelerinin gelişmesini sağlamıştır. Sonuç olarak aktifleştirilen Lactobacillus buchneri ve ürenin birlikte kullanılması mısırın fermantasyon profili, kimyasal bileşimini ve aerobik stabilitesini iyileştirebilir.

Bipolaris sorokiniana buğday ve arpada kök çürüklüğü yapan en önemli etmenlerden biridir. Buğday ve arpada tohum, başak, yaprak ve köklerde hastalık oluşturarak bitkilerde önemli ürün kayıplarına yol açmaktadır. Farklı agro-ekolojik bölgelerden toplanan kök ve kök boğazında çürüklük belirtisi gösteren buğday bitkilerinden izole edilen Bipolaris spp. izolatları morfolojik teşhis edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada B. sorokiniana, B. spicifera, ve B. australiensis olarak teşhis edilmiş olan 49 izolat kullanılmıştır. Yapılan patojenite çalışması sonucunda B. sorokiniana izolatlarının ikisi hariç hepsinin patojen olduğu ve hastalık şiddetlerinin %50 ila %90 arasında olduğu belirlenmiştir. Yalnızca bir B. spicifera izolatı bitkilerde zayıf patojen olarak belirlenmiş, B. australiensis izolatları hiçbir hastalık belirtisi oluşturmamıştır. B. sorokiniana bitkilerin yaş ağırlıklarında kontrollere oranla önemli düşüşlere yol açarken, B. spicifera'nın dört izolatının bitki ağırlığında artış sağladığı belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, tüm agro-ekolojik bölgelerdeki B. sorokiniana izolatlarının şiddetli kök çürüklük hastalığı yaptığı ve bitki ağırlığında önemli miktarda azalmalara neden olduğu belirlenmiştir. Diğer taraftan, B. spicifera izolatlarının buğday bitkilerinin köklerinde zayıf hastalık belirtileri oluşturduğu, B. australiensis'in ise bitkilerin köklerinde hastalığa yol açmadığı ve bitki ağırlığını olumsuz olarak etkilemediği görülmüştür.